Exercise 7 Respiratory System Mechanics

make for 7 respiratory System Mechanics O B J E C T I V E S 1. To develop how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to enable blow fall out substitute among the lungs, birth, and proboscis tissues 2. To define respiration, ventilation, alveoli, clo positive(predicate), inspiration, expiration, and partial insistence 3. To explain the divergencys in the midst of tidal glitz, inspiratory reserve flashiness, expiratory reserve plenty, racy capableness, respite book, total lung capacity, coerce vital capacity, forced expiratory great deal, and second base respiratory volume 4.To list various factors that affect respiration 5. To explain how wetter whole caboodle in the lungs to promote respiration 6. To explain what happens in pneumothorax 7. To explain how hyperventilation, re existent, and breath memory affect respiratory volumes T he physiologic functions of respiration and circulation argon essential to life. If tasks develop in early(a) physi ological systems, we provide assuage survive for some time without addressing them. But if a persistent problem develops within the respiratory or circulatory systems, death can go afterward within minutes.The primary role of the respiratory system is to distribute oxygen to, and remove degree Celsius dioxide from, the cells of the body. The respiratory system works hand in hand with the circulatory system to achieve this. The term respiration includes vivaciousthe movement of aviation in and out of the lungs, to a fault known as ventilationas well as the transport (via blood) of oxygen and carbon dioxide surrounded by the lungs and body tissues. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to pulmonary capillaries, where shove along ex multi fartheriousness occurs between blood and alveoli ( line of work sacs in the lungs), oxygenating the blood.The heart and then pumps the oxygenated blood to body tissues, where oxygen is apply for cell metabolism. At the same time, carbon dio xide (a drive bump eat up product of metabolism) from body tissues diffuses into the blood. The deoxygenated blood then returns to the heart, completing the circuit. airing is the solvent of massiveness contraction. The diaphragma domeshaped muscle that divides the pectoral and abdominal cavitiescontracts, qualification the thoracic terminateocarp larger. This reduces the jam within the thoracic pitfall, allowing atmospheric gas to snip down the lungs (a process called inspiration).When the diaphragm relaxes, the insisting within the thoracic cavity increases, forcing billet power out of the lungs (a process called expiration). Inspiration is con brassred an energetic process be scram muscle contraction requires the use of ATP, whereas expiration is usually conceptualizeed a passive process. When a person is running, however, the external intercostal muscles contract and make the thoracic cavity even larger than with diaphragm contraction alone, and expiration i s the result of the inseparable intercostal muscles contracting.In this case, both inspiration and expiration be considered active processes, since muscle contraction is makeed for both. Intercostal muscle contraction works in conjunction with diaphragm muscle contraction. 87 88 compute 7 (a) Atmospheric mash Parietal pleura Thoracic circumvent nonrational pleura Pleural cavity Transpulmonary wring 760 mm Hg 756 mm Hg 4 mm Hg 756 760 Intrapleural compress 756 mm Hg ( 4 mm Hg) Lung Diaphragm Intrapulmonary instancy 760 mm Hg (0 mm Hg) (b) F I G U R E 7 . 1 respiratory volumes. a) Opening sift of the Respiratory stacks investigate. (b) Intrapulmonary and intrapleural relationships Respiratory System Mechanics 89 Respiratory Volumes Ventilation is pulsed as the frequency of animate multiplied by the volume of all(prenominal) breath, called the tidal volume. Ventilation is needed to maintain oxygen in arterial blood and carbon dioxide in venous blood at their radiation diagram levelsthat is, at their blue brand partial pressures. The term partial pressure appoints to the proportion of pressure that a single gas exerts within a mixture.For example, in the melody travel at sea level, the pressure is 760 mm Hg. type O makes up virtually 20% of the total atmosphere and at that placefore has a partial pressure (PO2 ) of 760 mm Hg 20%, close to 160 mm Hg. Oxygen diffuses down its partial pressure slope to bunk from the alveoli of the lungs into the blood, where the oxygen attaches to hemoglobin (meanwhile, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli). The oxygenated blood is then transported to body tissues, where oxygen once again diffuses down its partial pressure gradient to leave the blood and enter the tissues.Carbon dioxide (produced by the metabolic responses of the tissues) diffuses down its partial pressure gradient to electric current from the tissues into the blood for transport back to the lungs. Once in the lungs, the c arbon dioxide follows its partial pressure gradient to leave the blood and enter the bloodline in the alveoli for export from the body. radiation practice tidal volume in military man is about 500 milliliters. If one were to evanesce in a volume of dividing line equal to the tidal volume and then continue to breathe in as much rail line as possible, that amount of b are (above and beyond the tidal volume) would equal about 3 nose candy milliliters.This amount of air is called the inspiratory reserve volume. If one were to breathe out as much air as possible beyond the regular tidal volume, that amount of air (above and beyond the tidal volume) would equal about 1200 milliliters. This amount of air is called the expiratory reserve volume. Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume together constitute the vital capacity, about 4800 milliliters. It is important to transmission line that the histological structure of the respiratory tree (where air is found in the lungs) ordain not allow all air to be breathed out of the lungs.The air remaining in the lungs after a complete expiration is called the residual volume, normally about 1200 milliliters. Therefore, the total lung capacity (the vital capacity volume plus the residual volume) is approximately 6000 milliliters. All of these volumes (except residual volume) can be easily measured using a spirometer. Basically, a spirometer is compose of an upside-down bell in a water tank. A breathing underground is connected to the bells interior. On the exterior of the inverted bell is attached a pen device that records respiratory volumes on makeup.When one exhales into the breathing subway system, the bell goes up and down with exhalation. Everything is calibrated so that respiratory volumes can be read directly from the root record. The paper moves at a pre-set speed past the record pen so that volumes per unit time can be easily calculated. In attachment to measuring the r espiratory volumes introduced so far, the spirometer can also be used to perform pulmonary function tests. One such(prenominal) test is the forced vital capacity (FVC), or the amount of air that can be expelled completely and as rapidly as possible after taking in the deepest possible breath.Another test is the forced expiratory volume (FEV1), which is the percentage of vital capacity that is exhaled during a 1-sec period of the FVC test. This value is chiefly 75% to 85% of the vital capacity. In the following samples you ordain be simulating spirometry and measuring to all(prenominal) one of these respiratory volumes using a pair of mechanised lungs. Follow the instructions in the Getting jump outed share at the move of this lab manual to start up PhysioEx. From the drop-down notice, select answer 7 Respiratory System Mechanics and hot dog GO.Before you perform the activities pump the Water-Filled Spirometer video to natter the experiment performed with a benevolent subject. Then get across Respiratory Volumes. You go out see the opening sieve for the Respiratory Volumes experiment (Figure 7. 1). At the go away is a large watercraft (simulating the thoracic cavity) containing an air break away underpass. This tube looks like an upside-down Y. At the ends of the Y are ii spherical containers, simulating the lungs, into which air result flow. On outstrip of the watercraft are controls for adjusting the rundle of the tube feeding the lungs. This tube simulates the trachea and other air passageways into the lungs. Beneath the lungs is a black platform simulating the diaphragm. The diaphragm allow for move down, simulating contraction and increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity to bet air into the lungs it will then move up, simulating relaxation and decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity to expel air out. At the john of the vas are three freeings a drop dead push, an ERV (expiratory reserve volume) button, and an FVC ( forced vital capacity) button. clear uping kick the bucket will start the simulated lungs breathing at normal tidal volume palavering ERV will simulate forced exhalation utilizing the contraction of the congenital intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles and jailhouseing FVC will cause the lungs to expel the close to air possible after taking the deepest possible inhalation. At the expire of the inning right is an setting monitor, which will graphically display the respiratory volumes. card that the Yaxis displays liters instead of milliliters. The X-axis displays elapsed time, with the length of the full monitor displaying 60 seconds. below the monitor is a series of information displays. A info recording recession runs along the bottom length of the screen. suction stoping get into information after an experimental run will record your selective information for that run on the screen. A C T I V I T Y 1 Trial Run Lets engage a trial run to get familiarized wit h the equipment. 1. tick arrive at the Start button (notice that it immediately turns into a Stop button). Watch the hint on the cathode-ray oscilloscope monitor, which currently displays normal tidal volume. Watch the simulated diaphragm rise and fall, and notice the lungs growing larger during inhalation and smaller during exhalation.The run away display on top of the vessel tells you the amount of air (in liters) cosmos moved in and out of the lungs with each breath. 2. When the hypnotism reaches the right side of the oscilloscope monitor, perforate the Stop button and then slammer participate Data. Your data will front in the data recording rap along the bottom of the screen. This line of data tells you a wealth of info about respiratory mechanics. Reading the data from left to right, the commencement ceremony data field should be that of the Radius of the air flow tube (5. 00 mm). The adjoining data field, pay heed, displays the total flow volume for this experi mental run.T. V. stands for Tidal Volume E. R. V. for Expiratory 90 Exercise 7 Reserve Volume I. R. V. for inspiratory Reserve Volume R. V. for Residual Volume V. C. for Vital capacitor FEV1 for compel Expiratory Volume T. L. C. for Total Lung Capacity and finally, Pump Rate for the tally of breaths per minute. 3. You whitethorn release your data at any time by covering Tools at the top of the screen and then imprint Data. You may also print the phantasm on the oscilloscope monitor by blabbering Tools and then Print Graph. 4. Highlight the line of data you just put down by clicking it and then click Delete Line. . finish up class Tracings at the bottom right of the oscilloscope monitor. You are now ready to begin the first experiment. A C T I V I T Y 2 6. poky Clear Tracings onward proceeding to the near activity. Do not delete your recorded datayou will need it for the next activity. A C T I V I T Y 3 Effect of Restricted Air persist on Respiratory Volumes 1. Adju st the radius of the air flow tube to 4. 00 mm by clicking the ( ) button next to the radius display. Repeat step 25 from the previous activity, making sure to click Record Data. How does this set of data compare to the data you recorded for Activity 2?The breathing isnt as strong ________________________________________________ the flow and tidal volume go through and through decreased ________________________________________________ Is the respiratory system functioning better or worse than it did in the previous activity? Explain why. functioning worse, it isnt moving as much air or expanding ________________________________________________ the lungs as far because of the decreased berth for in come to ________________________________________________ and output of air 2. Click Clear Tracings. 3. disgrace the radius of the air flow tube by another 0. 0 mm to 3. 50 mm. 4. Repeat steps 26 from Activity 2. 5. Reduce the radius of the air flow tube by another 0. 50 mm to 3. 00 mm . 6. Repeat steps 26 from Activity 2. What was the heart and soul of reducing the radius of the air flow tube on respiratory volumes? furthur decrease of flow and tidal volume ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ What does the air flow tube simulate in the human body? trachea ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________Measuring Normal Respiratory Volumes 1. Make sure that the radius of the air flow tube is at 5. 00 mm. To adjust the radius, click the ( ) or ( ) buttons next to the radius display. 2. Click the Start button. Watch the oscilloscope monitor. When the disembowel reaches the 10-second mark on the monitor, click the ERV button to obtain the expiratory reserve volume. 3. When the study reaches the 30-second mark on the monitor, click the FVC to obtain the forced vital capacity. 4. Once the trace reaches the end of the screen, click the Stop button, then clic k Record Data. . Remember, you may print your trace or your recorded data by clicking Tools at the top of the screen and selecting all Print Graph or Print Data. From your recorded data, you can calculate the minute respiratory volume the amount of air that passes in and out of the lungs in 1 minute. The formula for calculating minute respiratory volume is Minute respiratory volume tidal volume bpm (breaths per minute) Calculate and enter the minute respiratory volume _7,500________ adjudicate from the trace you generated, inspiration similarlyk shopping center over how umteen seconds? __2 seconds_____________ Expiration took place over how many seconds? What could be some possible causes of reduction in air flow to the lungs? obstruction, inflammation from illness or allergic ________________________________________________ reaction ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 7. Click Tools Print Data to print your data. _____2 seconds____________ Does the duration of inspiration or expiration vary during yes ERV or FVC? _____ Respiratory System Mechanics 91 FIGURE 7. 2Opening screen of the Factors Affecting Respiration experiment. deliver your FEV1 data as a percentage of vital capacity by filling out the following chart. (That is, take the FEV1 value and divide it into the vital capacity value for each line of data. ) Factors Affecting Respiration umpteen factors affect respiration. Compliance, or the ability of the bureau wall or lung to distend, is one. If the chest wall or lungs cannot distend, respiratory ability will be compromised. Surfactant, a lipid material secreted into the dental fluid, is another.Surfactant acts to decrease the surface emphasis of water in the fluid that lines the walls of the alveoli. Without bedwetter, the surface tension of water would cause alveoli to collapse after each breath. A third factor budge respiration is any injury to the thoracic wall that resul ts in the wall universe punctured. Such a puncture would nucleusively raise the intrathoracic pressure to that of atmospheric pressure, preventing diaphragm contraction from decreasing intrathoracic pressure and, consequently, preventing air from being drawn into the lungs. take away that airflow is achieved by the generation of a pressure difference between atmospheric pressure on the outside of the thoracic cavity and intrathoracic pressure on the inside. ) We will be investigating the effect of surface-active agent in the next activity. Click sample at the top of the screen and then select Factors Affecting Respiration. The opening screen will look like Figure 7. 2. Notice the commutes to the FEV1 as % of Vital Capacity Radius FEV1 Vital Capacity FEV1 (%) 5. 00 4. 00 3. 50 3. 00 3541 1422 822 436 4791 1962 1150 621 1. 35% 1. 37% 1. 39% 1. 42% 92 Exercise 7 quipment above the air flow tube. Clicking the Surfactant button will add a pre-set amount of surfactant to the lungs. Clicking Flush will clear the lungs of surfactant. Also notice that valves consecrate been added to the sides of each simulated lung. Opening the valves will allow atmospheric pressure into the vessel (the thoracic cavity). Finally, notice the changes to the display windows below the oscilloscope screen. hunt down Left and Pressure Left refer to the flow of air and pressure in the left lung Flow Right and Pressure Right refer to the flow of air and pressure in the right lung. Total Flow is the sum of Flow Left and Flow Right. A C T I V I T Y 4 3. Click Flush to remove the surfactant from the previous activity. 4. Be sure that the air flow radius is set at 5. 00 mm, and that Pump Rate is set at 15 strokes/minute. 5. Click on Start and allow the trace to cleanse the length of the oscilloscope monitor. Notice the pressure displays, and how they alternate between positive and negative set. 6. Click Record Data. Again, this is your baseline data. 7. Now click the valve for the left lung, which currently reads Valve closed. 8. . Click Start and allow the trace to sweep the length of the Click Record Data. oscilloscope monitor. Effect of Surfactant on Respiratory Volumes 1. The data recording box at the bottom of the screen should be clear of data. If not, click Clear Table. 2. The radius of the air flow tube should be set at 5. 00 mm, and the Pump Rate should be set at 15 strokes/minute. 3. Click Start and allow the trace to sweep across the full length of the oscilloscope monitor. Then click Record Data. This will serve as the baseline, or control, for your experimental runs.You may wish to click Tools and then Print Graph for a printout of your trace. 4. Click Surfactant twice to add surfactant to the system. Repeat step 3. When surfactant is added, what happens to the tidal volume? It increases the amount of air being inhaled ________________________________________________ As a result of the tidal volume change, what happens to the flow into each lung and total air flow? ________________________________________________ they all increase wherefore does this happen? urfactant decreases teh surface tension of water in the ________________________________________________ fluid that lines the walls of the alveoli ________________________________________________ Remember, you may click Tools and then either Print Data or Print Graphs to print your results. A C T I V I T Y 5 What happened to the left lung when you clicked on the valve button? why? The lung deflated due to the change in the intrapleural ________________________________________________ pressure ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ What has happened to the Total Flow rate? t trim back ________________________________________________ by half 0 What is the pressure in the left lung? ___________________ no Has the pressure in the right lung been affected? _________ If there was nothing separating the left lung from the right lung, what would collect happened when you opened the valve for the left lung? wherefore? Both lungs would have collapsed due to pressure ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Now click the valve for the left lung again, closing it.What happens? Why? nothing , there is excess air remaining in the lung ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Click Reset (next to the Flush button at the top of the air flow tube). What happened? the lung reinflated ________________________________________________ Describe the relationship required between intrathoracic pressure and atmospheric pressure in order to draw air into the lungs. intrathroacic pressure must be greater or lower than ________________________________________________ atmospheric pressure to draw air in and out of the lungs _______________________________________________ Effect of Thoracic Cavity Puncture Recall that if the wall of the thoracic cavity is punctured, the intrathoracic pressure will equalize with atmospheric pressure so that the lung cannot be inflated. This condition is known as pneumothorax, which we will investigate in this next activity. 1. Do not delete your data from the previous activity. 2. If there are any tracings on the oscilloscope monitor, click Clear Tracings. Respiratory System Mechanics 93 FIGURE 7. 3 Opening screen of the Variations in active experiment.Design your own experiment for testing the effect of opening the valve of the right lung. Was there any difference from the effect of opening the valve of the left lung? no ________________________________________________ Remember, you may click Tools and then either Print Data or Print Graphs to print your results. Variations in respire Normally, alveolar ventilation keeps pace with the needs of body tissues. The adequateness of alveolar ventilation is measured in terms of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2). Carbon dioxide is the major component for regulating breathing rate.Ventilation (the frequency of breathing multiplied by the tidal volume) maintains the normal partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide both in the lungs and blood. Perfusion, the pulmonary blood flow, is matched to ventilation. The breathing patterns of an one-on-one are tightly regulated by the breathing centers of the headway so that the respiratory and circulatory systems can work together effectively. In the next activity you will examine the effects of rapid breathing, rebreathing, and breathholding on the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.Rapid breathing increases breathing rate and alveolar ventilation fuck offs excessive for tissue needs. It results in a decrease in the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation. Basically, alveolar ventilation becomes too great for the amount of carbon dioxide being produced. In rebreathing, air is interpreted in that was just expired, so the PCO2 (the partial pressure of carbon dioxide) in the alveolus (and subsequently in the blood) is elevated. In breathholding, there is no ventilation and no gas exchange between the alveolus and the blood.Click Experiment at the top of the screen and select Variations in ventilation system. You will see the next screen, shown in Figure 7. 3. This screen is very similar to the ones you have been working on. Notice the buttons for Rapid public discussion, Rebreathing, Breath Holding, and Normal liveclicking each of these buttons will induce the given pattern of breathing. Also note the displays for PCO2, level best PCO2, Minimum PCO2, and Pump Rate. 94 Exercise 7 A C T I V I T Y 6 How does the rebreathing trace compare to your baseline trace? (Look carefullydifferences may be subtle. ) ________________________________________________ Why? ___________________________ ____________________ ________________________________________________ Click Clear Tracings to clear the oscilloscope monitor. A C T I V I T Y 8 Rapid animate 1. The oscilloscope monitor and the data recording box should both be empty and clear. If not, click Clear Tracings or Clear Table. 2. The air flow tube radius should be set to 5. 00. If not, click the ( ) or ( ) buttons next to the radius display to adjust it. 3. Click Start and conduct a baseline run. Remember to click Record Data at the end of the run. Leave the baseline trace on the oscilloscope monitor. 4.Click Start again, but this time click the Rapid Breathing button when the trace reaches the 10-second mark on the oscilloscope monitor. Observe the PCO2 levels in the display windows. 5. Allow the trace to finish, then click Record Data. What happens to the PCO2 level during rapid breathing? it decreased ________________________________________________ Why? co2 was removed much than than during normal breathing _____ ___________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Remember, you may click Tools and then either Print Data or Print Graphs to print your results.Click Clear Tracings before continuing to the next activity. A C T I V I T Y 7 Breath Holding 1. Click on Start and conduct a baseline run. Remember to click Record Data at the end of the run. Leave the baseline trace on the oscilloscope monitor. 2. Click Start again, but this time click the Breath Holding button when the trace reaches the 10-second mark on the oscilloscope monitor. Observe the PCO2 levels in the display windows. 3. At the 20-second mark, click Normal Breathing and let the trace finish. 4. Click Record Data. What happens to the PCO2 level during breath holding? t rose ________________________________________________ Why? co2 exchange could not take place ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Rebreathing Repeat Activity 6, except this time click the Rebreathing button instead of the Rapid Breathing button. What happens to the PCO2 level during rebreathing? it increase ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Why? there was more co2 in the inhaled air ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________What change was seen when you returned to Normal Breathing? the rate and depth of breathing increase ________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Remember, you may print your data or graphs by clicking Tools at the top of the screen and then selecting either Print Data or Print Graph. A C T I V I T Y 9 proportional Spirometry In Activity 1, normal respiratory volumes and capacities are measured. In this activity, you will explore what happens to these values when pathophysiology develops or during episodes of aerobic exercise. exploitation a water-fi lled spirometer and cognition of respiratory mechanics, changes to these values in each condition can be nameed, documented, and explained. Did the total flow change? just a little ________________________________________________ Why? increase pump rate ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Respiratory System Mechanics 95 FIGURE 7. 4 Opening screen of the Comparative Spirometry experiment. Normal Breathing 1. Click the Experiment menu, and then click Comparative Spirometry. The opening screen will appear in a few seconds (see Figure 7. 4). 2.For the longanimouss type of breathing, select the Normal option from the drop-down menu in the patient caseful box. These values will serve as a basis of comparison in the sicknessd conditions. 3. train the uncomplainings breathing pattern as willing Breathing from the Breathing warning Option box. 4. After these selections are do, click the Start button and enamor as the m ug up starts good turn and the spirogram develops on the paper rolling off the drum across the screen, left to right. 5. When half the screen is filled with willing tidal volumes and the trace has paused, select the Forced Vital Capacity button in the Breathing Pattern Options box. . Click the Start button and trace will continue with the FVC maneuver. The trace ends as the paper rolls to the right jar against of the screen. 7. Now click on the individual measure buttons that appear in the data table above each data tug to measure the lung volume and lung capacity data. Note that when a measure button is selected, two things happen simultaneously (1) a bracket appears on the spirogram to indicate where that beat originates on the spirogram and (2) the value in milliliters appears in the data table.Also note that when the FEV1 measure button is selected, the final column labeled FEV1/FVC will be automatically calculated and appear in the data table. The calculation is (FEV1/FVC) 100%, and the result will appear as a percentage in the data table. What do you look at is the clinical importance of the FVC and FEV1 values? ________________________________________________ Why do you think the ratio of these two values is important to the clinician when name respiratory diseases? _______ demonstrates how the lungs are functioning ________________________________________________ FEV1 /FVC 100% 80% ______________________ 96 Exercise 7Emphysema Breathing In a person with emphysema, there is a significant loss of intrinsic ductile recoil in the lung tissue. This loss of elastic recoil occurs as the disease destroys the walls of the alveoli. Airway resistivity is also increased as the lung tissue in general becomes more flimsy and exerts less mechanical tethering on the surrounding airline businesss. Thus the lung becomes as well compliant and expands easily. Conversely, a great effort is required to exhale as the lungs can no longer passively recoil and deflate . A broad and exhausting muscular effort is required for each exhalation. Thus a person with emphysema exhales slowly. . Using this information, predict what lung values will change in the spirogram when the forbearing with emphysema breathing is selected. Assume that significant disease has developed, and thus a loss of elastic recoil has occurred in this patients lungs. 2. Select Emphysema from the drop-down menu in the Patient Type box. 3. Select the patients breathing pattern as Unforced Breathing from the Breathing Pattern box. 4. After these selections are made and the breathing spirogram screen clears, click the Start button and catch up with as the drum starts turning and a new spirogram develops on the paper rolling off the drum. . Repeat steps 57 of the Normal Breathing character in this activity. 6. Now consider the accuracy of your predictions (what changed versus what you expected to change). Compared to the values for normal breathing rock-bottom Is the FVC tri m or increased? ______________________ reduced Is the FEV1 reduced or increased? _____________________ fev1 Which of these two changed more? ____________________ Explain the physiological reasons for the lung volumes and capacities that changed in the spirogram for this condition. _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 1. Using this information, predict what lung values will change in the spirogram when the patient who is having an shrill asthma attack attack is selected. Assume that significantly decreased air passage radius and increased airway resistance have developed in this patients lungs. 2. Select Asthmatic from the drop-down menu in the Patient Type box. 3. Select the patients breathing pattern as Unforced Breathing from the Breathing Pattern box. . After these selections are made and the existing spirogram screen clears, click the Start button and watch as the drum starts turning and a new spirogram develops as the paper rolls off the drum. 5. Repeat steps 57 of the Normal Breathing section in this activity. 6. Now consider the accuracy of your predictions (what changed versus what you expected to change). Compared to the values for normal breathing reduced Is the FVC reduced or increased? _____________________ reduced Is the FEV1 reduced or increased? _____________________ fev1 Which of these two changed more? ___________________ Explain the physiological reasons for the lung volumes and capacities that changed in the spirogram for this condition. ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ How is this condition similar to having emphysema? How is the fvc is less reduce than emphysema and it several(predicate)? ______________________________________ the fev1 is more reduced, the fcv/fev1 % is also reduced ________________________________________________ Emphysema and asthma are called p reventative lung diseases as they limit expiratory flow and volume.How would a spirogram look for soulfulness with a restrictive lung disease, such as pulmonary fibrosis? decreased fev1/fev ________________________________________________ What volumes and capacities would change in this case, and would these values be increased or decreased? normal or above normal volume ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ In an peachy asthma attack, the compliance of the lung is decreased, not increased as it was for emphysema, and air flows freely through the bronchioles.Therefore, will the FEV1/ FVC percentage be less than normal, equal to normal, or higher(prenominal) higher than normal? ______________________________________ Acute Asthma Attack Breathing During an acute asthma attack, bronchiole fine-tune muscle will spasm and thus the airways become constricted (that is, they have a reduced diameter). They also become clotted wit h thick mucous secretions. These two facts lead to significantly increased airway resistance. Underlying these symptoms is an airway inflammatory response brought on by triggers such as allergens (e. g. , dust and pollen), extreme temperature changes, and even exercise.Similar to emphysema, the airways collapse and come up closed before a forced expiration is completed. Thus the volumes and superlative degree flow rates are significantly reduced during an asthma attack. However, the elastic recoil is not diminished in an acute asthma attack. Respiratory System Mechanics 97 Acute Asthma Attack Breathing with Inhaler Medication Applied When an acute asthma attack occurs, many people seek relief from the symptoms by using an inhaler. This device atomizes the practice of medicine and allows for direct application onto the afflicted airways. Usually the medication includes a smooth muscle relaxant (e. . , a beta-2 agonist or an acetylcholine antagonist) that relieves the bronchospasms and induces bronchiole dilation. The medication may also contain an antiinflammatory agent such as a adrenal cortical steroid that suppresses the inflammatory response. Airway resistance is reduced by the use of the inhaler. 1. Using this information, predict what lung values will change in the spirogram when the patient who is having an acute asthma attack applies the inhaler medication. By how much will the values change (will they return to normal)? 2. Select Plus Inhaler from the drop-down menu in the Patient Type box. 3.Select the patients breathing pattern as Unforced Breathing from the Breathing Pattern box. 4. After these selections are made and the existing spirogram screen clears, click the Start button and watch as the drum starts turning and a new spirogram develops as the paper rolls off the drum. 5. Repeat steps 57 of the Normal Breathing section. 6. Now consider the accuracy of your predictions (what changed versus what you expected to change). Compared to the values for the patient experiencing asthma symptoms Has the FVC reduced or increased? Is it normal? ________ no no Has the FEV1 reduced or increased?Is it normal? _______ fev1 Which of these two changed more? ____________________ Explain the physiological reasons for the lung volumes and capacities that changed in the spirogram with the application of the medication. _________________________________ ________________________________________________ How much of an increase in FEV1 do you think is required for it to be considered significantly improved by the not sure medication? _______________________________________ when the feve1 is closer to normal? ________________________________________________ a. In concord aerobic exercise, which do you predict will rv change more, the ERV or the IRV? _____________________ b. Do you predict that the respiratory rate will change yes significantly in admit exercise? ____________________ c. Comparing heavy exercise to moderate exercise, what values do you predict will change when the bodys significantly increased metabolic demands are being met by the not sure respiratory system? _________________________________ ________________________________________________ d. During heavy exercise, what will happen to the lung volumes and capacities that have been considered thus far? hey will increase ________________________________________________ e. yes Will the respiratory rate change? If so, how? _________ 1. Select Moderate Exercise from the drop-down menu in the Patient Type box. The existing spirogram clears. 2. Click the Start button and watch as the drum starts turning and a new spirogram develops. Half of the screen will fill with breathing volumes and capacities for moderate exercise. 3. When the trace pauses, click on the individual measure buttons that appear in the data table above each data column to measure the lung volume and lung capacity data. . Select Heavy Exercise from the drop-down menu in the Patient Type box. 5 . Click the Start button and the trace will continue with the breathing pattern for heavy exercise. The trace ends as the paper rolls to the right-hand edge of the screen. 6. Now click on the individual measure buttons that appear in the data table above each data column to measure the lung volume and lung capacity data. 7. Now consider the accuracy of your predictions (what changed versus what you expected to change). Which volumes changed the most and when? ___________ Compare the respiratory rate during moderate exercise with that seen during heavy exercise. __________________ Breathing During Exercise During moderate aerobic exercise, the human body has an increased metabolic demand, which is met in part by changes in respiration. During heavy exercise, further changes in respiration are required to tuck the extreme metabolic demands of the body. Histology Review Supplement For a review of respiratory tissue, go to Exercise H Histology Atlas & Review on the PhysioEx website to print out the Respiratory Tissue Review worksheet.