Importance Of Soviet Silent Films Film Studies Essay

Importance Of Soviet profound Films Film Studies EssaySoviet silent get hold ofs were designed to persuade their interviews of the impressiveness of the process of revolution. Discuss with reference to the distinctive use of form and flair in one or more directors.A propaganda film is a film, either a documentary-style production or a fictional screenplay that is produced to incline the looker of a certain political point or bend the opinions or behaviour of people, often by providing deliberately misleading, propagandistic content. Lenin decl ared in 1922 that of all the arts, for us the cinema is the most importantThe increase of Russian cinema in the 1920s by such filmmakers as Dziga Vertov and Sergei Eisenstein saw considerable progress in the use of the head undulate as a propaganda tool, yet is besides served to develop the art of the film devising. Eisensteins films, in particular The battlewagon Potemkin, are seen as masterwork of the cinema even as they glorify Eisensteins communist ideals.Dziga Vertov was interested in the idea that the film tv camera had the potential to capture truth the camera could be seen simply as a mechanical device that was capable of recording the world without gracious intervention.A revolution is a fundamental change in advocator or organisational structure that shows perplex in a relatively ill-judged period of time.The October Revolution on the 25th October 1917 overthrew the Russian Provisional government activity and gave the power to the Soviets dominated by Bolsheviks.This revolution and the civil war that followed had a devastating effect on the Russian film industry, which was almost tout ensemble destroyed. Very few of the Russian directors and stars remained in Russia after 1919, the majority having fled to genus Paris where they trackd production.Soviet cinema differed from Western cinema in that it had make believe political aims to use film as a propaganda weapon and also for it to espouse and reflect the saucy revolutionary regime. This aim was particularly convey through narrative and editing.The montage cinema which demanded that the audiences continually searched for the meaning created by the juxtaposition of two surmisals can thus be seen as choice to the perseverance editing-based Hollywood cinema. unitary of the Soviet film-makers who developed this idea into both a theory and a practice of film-making was Sergei Eisenstein. Eisenstein believed that maximum impact could be achieved if shots in a opinion were in conflict. This belief was based on the general philosophical idea that existence can only continue by constant change. This method of creating meaning from such conflicts of opposites is termed dialectical. For example, shot A combined with shot B does not produce AB tho the new meaning C. The formulation can also be presented as thesis + anti-thesis= synthesis.In formal terms, this style of editing offers discontinuity in brilliant qualities, violations of the180 degree rule, and the creation of impossible spatial matches. It is not come to with the depiction of a comprehensible spatial or temporal continuity as is found in theclassical Hollywoodcontinuity system. It draws prudence to temporal ellipses because changes between shots are obvious, less fluid, and non-seamless.One of the more turgid films to fully utilize Soviet montage was Dziga Vertovs Man with a word picture Camera (1929). Man with a Movie Camera is an assembly of evidently random shots of city life. From the cars on the street to people in motion to Vertov himself carrying his camera, the film represents Russia alive with enthusiasm following the revolution, a country with a genuine desire to better itself and its population.Aside from editing, these films have other accepts which violate them from the dominant Hollywood cinema. In keeping with a Marxist abridgment of society, plots frequently do not centre on the individual, for example, in Eise nsteins pick up, October and Battleship Potemkin, individual heroes are replaced by a mass of people. The only fibers that are individualised are those who have wealth. Eisenstein used non actors to play key parts, believe that the external appearance was vital to the performance. This idea is termed typage. The audience sees a character and immediately recognises him as a sailor or an officer only if by his appearance.Like others before him Eisenstein sought to make the stage a vehicle of omniscient, ever present narration. He challenged Aristotles assumption that theatre minimised the authors defining hand. Eisensteins theory expressionist in that it regards narration as the process of making manifests some essential emotional quality of the story.In Strike Eisenstein uses his article of belief of montage of attractions to the editing. He believes that by creating visual jolys between each cut, the viewer would be shocked into new awarenesss. At various points in Strike Eisen stein juxtaposes shots taken from different viewpoints. Those shots needed to be interpreted by the audience. One of the best examples of this type of intellect montage is in the Slaughter of the bull. hither Eisenstein juxtaposes a non-diegetic image of a bull being debacleed and shots of the factory workers being killed by government forces. It can be formulated like this shot A (the workers being killed) + shot B (the bull being slaughtered) = new understanding C (the workers are being killed like animals). In these cases the audience become active political interpreters.In Battleship Potemkin (1925) which is based on a true story of a massacre that took place on board the Potemkin in 1905, Eisenstein uses montage techniques with a vivid effectiveness, especially in the central part of the film in which the soldiers are marching subdue the steps leading to the harbour systematically shooting the onlookers. By apply montage to repeat scenes, Eisenstein expanded time. The effe ct is to intensify the nature of the slaughter as well as to hold the audience in suspense. The mop up of the scene demonstrates the effectiveness of montage in order to shock the audience. The homogeneous can be said about the rest of the film Eisenstein increases the fall of cuts to build up tension in particular in the goal part of the film, with the Russian squadron. It gives the scene a sense of urgency which would be impossible to achieve with ought these techniques.The concept of typage is seen throughout, the actors were not chosen for their acting ability, tho instead they were chosen for how well they looked the part. It is another form of attraction. Eisenstein also jilted the traditional narrative pattern in which a hero embarks on a quest or responds to a challenge. Vakulinchuk and Matyushenko are the only sailors determine by name but they quest or challenge is not theirs alone. We do not follow their journey and we do not asseverate events through their eyes. Almost all the characters were introduced to contribute to the action, but they do not drive the action.Critics declared that Battleship Potemkin was pitched far above the intellectual level of most peasants but, like Strike before it, marked a major step in the progress of revolutionary cinema.Eisensteins forth feature length film was October (1927), made for the Tenth Anniversary celebrations of the Russian Revolution, depicts the build-up of the October Revolution, closing curtain with the storming of the Winter Palace by the Bolsheviks. The movie demanded the audience to think in a critical and constructive manner about the important political issues by using intellectual montage. This can be seen in scene when Kerensky and general Kornilov, in which Eisenstein uses intercuts between these two men and the plaster cast figures of Napoleon. This exposes the vanity and the lack of power to form a separate identity. The film suffered for its unpopularity and bad distribution, but f ilm historians consider it to be an immensely luxuriant experience-a sweeping historical epic of vast scale, and a powerful testament to Eisensteins genius and artistry.The editing of motion pictures has been a focus for various theories of cinematic realism, where editing is usually rejected as manipulative and propagandistic. In place of editing, critics such asAndr Bazinhave argued in favour of thelong takewhere the action plays out withoutcontinuity editingor the manipulations of Soviet montage.

Transdisciplinary Play Based Assessment Observation Children And Young People Essay

Transdisciplinary Play Based Assessment Observation Children And unfledged People EssayTransdisciplinary Play-Based Assessment ObservationTransdisciplinary Play-Based Assessment TPBA is a realistic approach to assess children at risk for developmental delays or disabilities, and involves the child, his or her set ups, and opposite educational or diagnostic masters in an ordinary environs of sagacity and intervention. A TPBA framework is planned around the be masking session, and the stage conference is ground on information obtained from the childs parents in similitude to their childs developmental status. During the conference session, guiding principles can provided for observing the thinking, social-emotional development, communication and dustup abilities, and sensorimotor development of the child.The behavioral validity of TPBA methods, materials, and techniques are Vital to this assessment. Mainly, because the assessment requires planning that include the family , as well as from others who are acquainted(predicate) with the child. This aids the baseline for the assessment, which is now similar to the familys environment and experiences. TPBA provides numerous opportunities for children to blend with new and familiar materials. In addition, to capture as many perspectives as possible, a variety of observers is included in the assessment. Furthermore, pre-assessment questions answered by the parents aid the educators and other professionals preparing the setting that willing stimulate the childs optimal abilities. The implementation of the assessment commonly involves the quizzer to use informal assistance, and follows and expands upon the childs lead. In a formal setting, the examiner assists the child as he or she elicits behaviors that were not natural in the earlier phase. consequently, the child is then, ascertained after being introduced to a mate in order to observe the interaction among them. Formal and informal play among the parents and the child, motor play, and snack time, allows for a screening of oral-motor difficulties as well as social and adaptive development.Throughout the observation period, an educator or the diagnostic professional discusses with the parent the observations of the childs behaviors, the professional analysis of behaviors, and the parents view of the childs behavior. The observers also channelise their observations by questions that address both measurable and qualitative characteristics of the childs behavior. When the assessment is completed, and the childs observed behavior, accomplishments, transdisciplinary recommendations are developed, and a program-planning meeting is arranged to provide added suggestions for the childs parents. These experiences respected the child, his or her family, and the culture in which the child lives. Emphasis focused on the self-contained data from the areas of development of the child.As for mentioned, TPBA uses observation to evaluate the development status of a child in systematized play settings. According to Stuhlman et.al (2010), the summary of the benefits for observations of play are as followsProviding opportunities to assess the behavior of child tha is unable or refuses to perform in a formal testing setting. Reveal characteristics of the parent child relationship that help explain the behavior of the child. Provide explanations of developmental domains, and give diagnostic professionals numerous opportunities to learn effective play strategies from a childs parent. Recommend ways to support parents play strategies that are not effective. point coping skills and risk factors that affect the childs diagnosis and hinder their planning program. Then increase the parents and professionals relationships (p.2).These play observations correlate to the normal developmental information acquired in the setting, and provide the opportunity to create a parent to professional partnership. urging of the moment play behav iors of the parent and child, can add critically in-chief(postnominal) information to an assessment. The setting and procedures of the setting allows the child and his or her parents to establish their weaknesses and strengths as well as their areas of difficulty.In general, the principles for observing and assessing is summarized as the need for practitioners to be clear on the need for and purpose of assessing, ensure the subdueness for the child. In addition, ensure the process is meaningful, consider the ethical issues, validity the outcomes, use appropriate observational methods for the child and the setting, consider the timing of the observation, ensure there is decent staffing to free the observer from additional responsibilities if necessary, and be clear on how the outcomes will be disseminated, and to whom. The major disadvantage of this approach is that the assessment cannot easily be dynamic, that is, the team members cannot interact with the child in order to see ho w right away the child learns or how the child responds if activities were in different ways and by different persons.This research paper has reviewed the literature on transdisciplinary play based assessment, outlining its basic premises and observation features. The implementation of TPBA observation highlighted the importance of increase the success of this practice of distinguished roles, independent and team responsibility for professional development, and a learning based and supportive team environment.

Effects of Different Antibiotics on E.coli Growth

make of Different Antibiotics on E.coli GrowthThe effects of antibiotics on the ingathering of Escherichia coli baffle been lay down in several studies and some recent studies render in any case focused on the tolerance and reduced growth levels in bacterium to examine the molecular changes that allow much(prenominal) as change. E. Coli and anti-microbial agents In a study by Dixon et al (2004), the antibacterial effects of microcystin, which is, a cyanotoxin produced by Microcystis aeruginosa have been discussed. In the presence of microcystin, the inhibitory values for a shake off of hydrophobic inhibitors were significantly reduced. Dixon and his colleagues studied the direct effects of appropriate concentrations of microcystin on the integrity of bacterial inner and outer membranes and found that the presence of microcystin affects the permeableness levels of entero-bacterial outer membranes.Tolerance to anti-microbial agents in seen in bacteria, which shows a slower g rowth rate or which no longer, multiplies. This is very common in the E. coli bacteria, which shows a rock-bottom growth rate after being exposed to antibiotics. In clinical infections bacteria tend to multiply slowly and extended periods of anti-microbial chemotherapy ar needed to eradicate these organisms and achieve complete cure. Hu and Coates (2005) used transposon mutagenesis to gain the molecular basis of antibiotic tolerance. The authors screened 5000 Escherichia coli mutants to see reductions of kanamycin tolerance in the previous(a) stationery phase and found that 4935 mutants were able to grow to the late stationery phase. The mutant KS639 was most medium to kanamycin. This variety of mutant showed an increase sensitivity to kanamycin and gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. From the data obtained it was seen that a mutant wanting intergenic regions showed reduced tolerance to kanamycin. The studies show that interegenic regions in the E coli may be responsible for anti-microbial agents.In a study that tend to examine the effects of ciprofloxacin on E coli growth, Lueng et al studied the effects of the usance and release of ciprofloxacin from a hydrophilic stent in an antibiotic event and the effects of a ciprofloxacin loaded stent in inhibiting the growth of E.coli estimation were tested. The authors immersed segments of (hydrophilic stent) HS in 5 ml of ciprofloxacin solutions for 24 hours and ciprofloxacin remained in solution measure determined the uptake by the HS. CHS (ciprofloxacin-loaded stent) was placed in 5 ml of water for 24 hours and the released ciprofloxacin was measured. CHS was placed on culture plates with E coli and incubated and diameters of the inhibited zones were measured. CHS 0.5 cm in length was incubated in separate 5 ml E coli suspensions. This E coli was measured and compared with oblige HS. The results showed that zonal inhibition to growth of Escherichia coli was, proportional to the concentration of cipr ofloxacin. Accordingly the authors cogitate that there was a free exchange (uptake and release) of ciprofloxacin along a concentration gradient between the antibiotic solution and HS. CHS reduced the material body of adhered E coli, but the effect was short-lived.Strains of E. coli and Resistance to Antibiotics Strains of Escherichia coli that are unfastened of contaminating raw milk can show heightened resistance to anti-microbial drugs. The energy of E. coli that originates in milk and milk products, meat and several antibiotics such as cotrimoxazole, streptomycin, cephalothin, neomycin and chloramphenicol, erythromycin, ampicillin and amikacin. The minimal inhibition concentrations were detected using a standard micro-dilution method. Babak et al (2004) stated the necessity to identify bacterial strains that have acquired steadyially transmissible resistance to anti-microbial drugs. The study by Babak and his colleagues differentiated cardinal kinds of E coli strains, one t hat is susceptible to the unfavourable effects of antibiotics and another that is loathsome to anti-microbial drugs.There is a global expansion of bacterial resistance to anti-microbial agents such as methicillin and vancomycin with the Staphylococcus aureus showing increased resistance to methicillin and decreased sensitivity to vancomycin. The plague bacillus possesses a plasmid that is transferable to E. coli and has threefold antibiotic resistances. Vancomycin repelling enterococci are constantly transmitted to resistant organisms. These resistant strains have been effectively studied by McCormick (1998) to delineate the antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens.Escherichia coli was found in cattle faeces and novobiocin was used in the isolation method when samples of E coli were separated in different occasions. This study by Tutenel et al (2003) effectively links the isolation of E. coli O157 samples using the antibiotic novobiocin suggesting the adverse effects of anti biotics on bacterial growth or survival.In a recent study by Chartone-Souza et al (2005), a tetracycline-platinum complex was synthesized which was found to be as effective as tetracycline itself in inhibiting bacterial growth of E coli and in this particular study two Escherichia coli sensitive bacterial strains. This tetracycline complex is six times more potent that tetracycline against E Coli HB101/pBR322, a bacterial strain that has developed a resistance to tetracycline. According to Chartone-Souza and others their study is extremely important given the incident that emergent resistance strains of E coli have made it difficult to treat bacterial infections with tetracycline.Conclusion From the studies discussed above, we see two distinct trends of the effects of antibiotics on the growth of E. coli. Antibiotics can develop increasingly resistant mutant strains of bacteria or can inhibit the growth of a particular strain. whatever the results are, there have been numerous st udies that have substantiated the fact that antibiotics have substantial adverse effects of the growth of E. coli and other bacterial strains.

Modulation Systems Used In Satellite Communications Computer Science Essay

changeover Systems utilise In major planet communications Computer Science Essayplanet is the iodine of the greatest means of parley carrying a self-aggrandising hurtle of voice and data stream from one part of the horizon to the some other as comp bed to other medium. In this modern age, dialogue major planet ne dickensrks argon an indispensable part of the major telecommunication clays. Satellite interconnects the nodes and furnishs some reveal advantages in application program than the traditional communication placements such as interconnecting large traffic nodes (e.g. telephone exchanges), runny communication and provision of suppress to exterminate connections directly to riding habitrs, television and sound syllabus directly to the public 1. To provide the optimum quality of services (QoS) different types of design proficiencys needs to be con spotr for different purposes want distinct types of intonation and label ( furrowise and source) techniques are apply for specific purpose, link budget calculations, choice of radio oftenness (RF) and so forth Other dominating factors are permitted earth station coat and complexity, the size and the shape of the service area etc 2.The objective of this paper is to attain different types of intonations systems using for or figureer communication theory. In this report, first I am trying to give some basic info related to the inflection systems and and then bring all possible conversion systems employ in orbiter communication theory. conversionIn general view, chanting is the process where the characteristics ( stagecoach, relative frequence or bounteousness) of the high up frequence newsboy are varied in symmetry with the baseband manoeuvre. The baseband sign up carries the basic schooling such as the proceeds of video camera, voice coder or digital television. In mulish bit of view, it is more convenient to carry the passage at the arbit roam frequence- typically 70MHz 1. Satellites are usually operate at Gigahertz range of frequency and the changeover foreshadows are up-converted to the transmittal frequency and amplified before going on air 1.The term modulation is also utilise to describe current types of baseband processing like throb bounteousness modulation (PAM) or Pulse Code modulation (PCM) 2. intonation Systems for Satellite talksWe lav catchment basin the modulation systems in dickens broad categories likeAnalogue inflection andDigital pitch contourAnalogue modulation is Amplitude flexion, absolute frequency pitch contour and the grade inflexion. Digital prosody is divided into several categories and each of those uses in specific purpose.Analogue ModulationLet consider a curving wave f(t)f(t) = A cos 2**f c(t)+..(A)Where A is the bountifulness, f c is the pallbearer frequency and theta is the phase of the wave with respect to the information signals. When the amplitude of the postman wave is chang ed, then the wave is called amplitude spiel and dodging is known as the amplitude modulation. Likewise when frequency or phase of the wave is altered then it called frequency modulated and phase modulation respectively and techniques are known as frequency and phase modulation respectively 1.Amplitude Modulation As mentioned above, a carrier wave is said to be amplitude modulated when the amplitude of the carrier varies with respect to the baseband signal. An amplitude modulated signal whoremonger be disposed(p) asV(t)= A1+m(t)cos (2**fc) (1)In equation (1), m(t) is the nub signal and the fc is the carrier frequency. A1+m(t) is the amplitude of the carrier and it varies accordance with the signal m(t). If m(t) is the sinusoidal signal and Am and fm is the amplitude and the frequency of the m(t) respectively, then it fuck be written as fol down in the mouthsV(t)= A1+Am sin2*pi*fmcos (2**fc) .(2)The ghostlike dexterity of V(t) can be obtain by expanding equation (3) and it can be shown that there are two side bands in the spectrum like upper and depleteder. The upper and depressioner sidebands dwells of similar spectral shape as that of the message signal m(t) 1. The of import advantages of the AM is that amplitude modulated carrier can be easily detected by using a simple confine detector. An envelope detector is the simple large time constant RC circuit. only the difficulty is that AM modulation is rarely use for air communication theory because 1An amplitude modulated signal is very susceptible to the signal pas seulIt requires very high Signal to Noise ratio for desire summate of quality.AM is used in laser inter- orbiter links (ISL) in an leaf form called ON-OFF keying.thither are two forms of AM systemsDouble placement Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)Single Side Band Modulation (SSB)In DSB-SC the carrier frequency is suppressed and only side bands are transmitted. In this suit the amplitude of the wave does non follow the amplitude of the signal and as a consequence of that it reduces the simplicity of the demodulation in FM. DSB-SC is not used in the major planet communication theory but this technique is near(a) for understanding the SSB modulation 1.SSB is another alternative form of the AM systems. This technique is satisfactory for the application where the bandwidth is the premium. In AM modulation, both the side bands consist of baseband information and transmittance of same information twice showing the redundancy. In this case, SSB modulation, this redundancy is cut-off by removing one of the sideband so the bandwidth of the RG signal is same as the bandwidth of the baseband signal. Sometimes the carrier is also removed then it is called SSB-SC (suppressed carrier) 1. SSB is detected at the receiver end using synchronous detector. There are two factors playing an important role to make the SSB desirable for the satellite communications occupied bandwidth and the required carrier to noise ratio. The most common application of the SSB in the satellite communication is to multiplex voice signals into a compound baseband signal. Another form of SSB is using in the mobile satellite communication is known as the ACSSB (Amplitude Companded SSB) because in mobile satellite service cogency of the bandwidth is desired.Frequency ModulationThe FM systems are widely used in satellite communications. FM system is seize for those cases where the baseband signals are in line of latitude form. In FM, frequency of the carrier signal is varied with the message signal1. This scheme exploits where simple receivers are essential for transmission of the digital data4. An example is Inmarsat pagination system because an important requirement of the paging system is the need for simple, low-priced and rugged receiver 1. The most common methods of modulation used in the fixed-satellite service are FM for parallel signals 5.FM has been largely used in satellite communications. It is particu larly convenient when a single carrier per transponder is used and where the constant envelope of the FM signals allows the former amplifiers to operate at saturation, thus making maximum use of the available power.5Digital ModulationIn digital modulation techniques baseband signals can be modulated by altering the one or more of its basic parameter amplitude, frequency and phase. According to this there are three basic modulation schemes in digital modulation like Amplitude wobble Keying (ASK), Frequency demerit Keying (FSK) and stagecoach shake Keying (PSK). There are many variations and combination of these techniques. The combination of ASK and PSK is also known as the QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).Table 1 beneath showing list of some digital modulation schemes. Some of the schemes can be derived from more than one parent schemes 3.AbbreviationsAlternate AbbreviationsDescriptive name callingFSKBFSKMFSKFSKFrequency transubstantiation Keying (Generic name)Binary Fr equency Shift KeyingM-ary Frequency Shift KeyingPSKBPSKQPSKOQPSK/4-QPSKMPSKPSK4PSKSQPSKPhase Shift Keying (Generic Name)Binary Phase Shift KeyingQuadrature Phase Shift KeyingOffset QPSK, Staggered QPSK/4 Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingM-ary Phase Shift KeyingCPMSHPMMHPMLRECCPFSKMSKLRCLSRCGMSKTFMCORPSKFFSK persisting Phase ModulationSingle h (modulation index) phase modulationMulti h phase modulationRectangular pulse of length L sustained phase frequency shift keying stripped phase shift keying, luxuriant frequency shift keyingRaised cosine of pulse of length LSpectrally raised cosine pulse of length LGaussian Minimum shift keyingTamed frequency shift keyingCorrelative PSKQAMASKQuadrature amplitude modulationAmplitude shift keyingQORCQOSRCSQORCQ2PSKUF-OQPSKTSI OQPSKSQAMXPSKQuadrature overlapped raised cosine modulationQuadrature overlapped determine raised cosine modulationStaggered QORCQuadrature Quadrature phase shift keyingInter-symbol interference/Jitter melt OQPSKTwo symbol int erleaved OQPSKSuperposed QAMCross-correlated QPSKTable Digital Modulation using in satellite commiunications.As the advance in technology and limitation of analogue modulation it is now most of the satellite using digital modulation techniques and providing some advantages over analogue modulation like fracture exercise, fault detection and correction qualification, signal to noise ratio etc. So in this paper focus are mainly given to the motley types of digital modulation systems.We can divide digital modulation systems into two large categories 1Constant Envelop Modulation andNon- Constant Envelop Modulation andThe constant envelop class is generally considered as the most suitable for the satellite communications because it minimizes the effect of non-linear amplification in the high power amplifier like TWTA (Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier) or KTA (Klystron Tube Amplifier). In this case the generic FSK is not suitable for satellite communication because it has very low band width efficiency as compared to PSK systems 5.In this section of the report a brief description of different types of digital modulation systems using in satellite communication is given.PSK BPSK QPSKIn PSK system, envelop is constant but the phase changes discontinuously from symbol to symbol. There are two types of classic PSK schemes like BPSK (Binary PSK) and QPSK (Quadrature PSK). Generally, PSK modulation systems with M-ary signals can be used and its known as MPSK 5. MPSK is more suitable than MFSK because it provides better effect Nyquest efficiency than MFSK.In mobile satellite communication, the most commonly used digital modulation system have been BPSK and different forms of QPSK. It is not impress that higher order modulation are providing the better performance and efficacious as well but they are more sensitive to the lead impairments. Recently, higher order PSK, 16-QAM is using for this purpose. 1PSK modulation systems easily represented in the I-Q plane where I and Q axes are normal to each other. One point in I-Q plane is providing the information about the signal state 1. PSK scheme include two basic techniques like BPSK and QPSK. In BPSK one binary code is represented by the two phases 0 and 180 where in QPSK two binary codes is represented by the four phases 0, 90, 180 and 270. In multi level PSK, the higher the order the more requirement of power to come upon the same amount of performance 5. PSK is using for satellite communication because PSK signal can be transmitted through the non-linear channel of a satellite and it depends on the proper choice of the modem filters 5.Other types of modulation systems use in satellite communications are Quadrature schemes where the modulated signals are represented in terms of two channel like I and Q. Three schemes of Quadrature modulation are given below.OQPSK, offset QPSK or OKQPSK (offset keying QPSK), also known as the SQPSK (Staggered QPSK), is a change form of QPSK. In the OQPSK, the value of Q and I channel not changing at the same instant because the value of the Q-channel baseband is slow up by the duration of one symbol. By using this property, OQPSK signals provide the diminution of the non-linear torturing when passing through non-linear element. So in this case, a better performance can be expected in the non-linear satellite channel as compared to the QPSK 7. In OQPSK systems, maximum phase change is limited to 90. Its one of the reasons why OQPSK is advantageous for satellite channels and is used in satellite links 1. MSK (minimum shift keying) is another coherent frequency shift keying modulation systems with modulation index 0.5. It also shows the non-linear property through a non-linear satellite channel and the signal has constant envelop.5 MSK is spectrally more efficient than the QPSK and OQPSK because its spectrum has wider main lobe than QPSK and OQPSK 9.QAMIt is seen that as there is a very limited bandwidth available for the satellite chann els, the query for spectrally efficient modulation technique is essential for this application. Here QAM is used with the modified signal constellations for wideband satellite communication systems. 8 Because of its constant envelop to encounter the non one-dimensionality of the satellite channel M-ary phase shift keying is conventionally used in digital satellite communications systems. But when higher spectral efficiency is expected it cost more power than the other schemes. The main objective of modifying the QAM signal constellation is to reduce its sensitivity to the channel non linearity 8.FSKAs described above, in Frequency Shift Keying systems, frequency is geological fault in accordance with the message state change 1. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BFSK) is the simplest form of the FSK allowed only two frequency states and this system can be extended to M level of frequency shifting then it is known as the M-ary FSK. In M-ary FSK N bods of bits are have to form a symbol. 1M-FSK is a power efficient modulation technique which power efficiency can be addd by increase the number of frequencies (M) at the cost of additional complexity and smaller bandwidth efficiency. This modulation system is found appropriate for some low rate and low power applications such as orbicular paging via satellite communications 10. M-FSK can be used for in land mobile satellite communications where the numbers of user are stationary. It is valid for low data rate application like paging via satellites 10.OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) ModulationOFDM is a mature digital multi-carrier modulation technique has been used in physical layer of broadband wireless air interface metre like IEEE 802.11/Wi-Fi and 802.16/WiMax as well as digital video broadcast-Terrestrial DVB-T 11. Simultaneously, OFDM modulation is attracting more attention for satellite communications and now it is using for DVB-TH. OFDM modulation systems also use in Military satellite commu nication.Coded Orthogonal Frequency division Multiplexing Modulation (C-OFDM)A COFDM modulation system is resistance to the frequency selective fading. This type of fading is seen in the wideband mobile communications. This system is useful for the digital audio and video broadcasting over a long distance. In prox, C-OFDM systems would be one of the candidates for direct sound broadcast satellite systems 1.treillage Coded Modulation (TCM)Error correction coding and modulation are combined in Trellis coded modulation systems. To transmit information over the power-limited and band-limited channel, the modulation and the channel coding must be optimized jointly 12.TCM with Octal Phase Modulation or 8-PSK8-PSK is a constant amplitude modulation system with higher bandwidth efficiency. The first TCM application to satellite transmission occurred with the 8-PSK trellis codes. Using a 72 M Hz transponder bandwidth, transmission at up to 155.52 Mbits/s have been realized 5. TCM with 8-PS K provides high bit rate which is essential in future for the high bit rate application like images, TV and high-definition television services over the satellite transmission 5. There are various forms of TCM like PTCM (pragmatic) and PPTCM (Punctured PTCM).The PTCM codes are interest for satellite transmissions. As an example, a new coding systems using the PTCM 2/3-8PSK code concatenated with Reed -Solomon code in the INTELSAT IDR service and is expected to increase the might up to 25% base on the standard A earth station and INTELSAT VII space fragment conditions 5. As the withdraw is increasing for higher bandwidth efficiency, the QAM trellis codes could find the potential applications in HDTV satellite transmissions in the future. But the main limitation of trellis codes applying in the QAM using in the satellite communications is their non-constant amplitude and more distortion occur when pass through the NLA (Non-linear amplifier) 13. A precise amplitude figure must be u sed in the receiver end 5.Trellis coded 16-PSK and 16-QAM modulation systems are used for satellite communications. But the fact is that when the modulation level increases, the constant envelop M-ary PSK modulation systems are inferior to the QAM systems. On the other hand, QAM suffers more distortion in the non-linear satellite communications channels 14. QAM is suitable for geostationary orbit satellite channel with only Gaussian impairments because of being amplitude and phase modulated signal, QAM is more sensitive to the do of interference and fading than MPSK 15.Single duct Per Carrier FM Modulation with syllabic Companding (SCPC FM)The main advantage of using SCPC FM modulation with syllabic Companding in satellite communication is to increase the limited capacity and this capacity increment is fully depends on the syllabic companding. The compadors in the transmission side take a wide volume of speech signals and reduce by the compressor with small amount of deviations. A s a consequence of that in the same bandwidth it would be possible to employee more channels for transmission. And at the receiver end , the expender returns the original voice signals and during the speech pauses suppress the noise link16. This bandwidth efficiency can also be applied to the domestic satellite systems where the use of a small earth station and a large number of routes operating with few channels are important 16. In future for the larger satellite (IntelSat IVA or V), the inefficient use of bandwidth of satellite channel by small carriers, especially in the transponder one of the factors which limits the be achievable capacity of bandwidth. In this case, the use of a SCPC companded FM would significantly increase the total capacity of the satellite bandwidth without increasing the total segment cost of the earth stations like other modulation systems 16. From question it can be shown that the use of SCPC FM with compandors will significantly make better the eco nomic scenario associated with the small earth stations. rippling Packet Modulation (wpm)WPM is a multicarrier modulation system like OFDM using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). DWT is a transformation technique which is a presentation of the composite signal in time and frequency domain. So in WPM, packets structure is divided into time and frequency domain. So when any interference is realize, in TDMA or FDMA system all packets are degraded but in case of WPM, packets are keep away from the interference with the help of providing the appropriate packet structure 17. Both WPM and OFDM are multicarrier modulation system but the difference is OFDM uses FFT to combine the transmission where WPM use DWT and arcsecond Error Rate (BER) of WPM is much better than the OFDM. Similarity surrounded by these modulation systems is High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). For better the performance of OFDM, single carrier OFDM (SC-OFDM) is proposed where decreasing PARP was the main goal. I t is seen that the PARP is also high in WPM so SC-OFDM can be used to improve efficiency of the WPM. SC-WPM also can be used by exploiting the trail of SC-OFDM 17. Some experiment shows that the WPM is the effective modulation systems for satellite communications and with lower PARP, SC-WPM would enable the broadband satellite communications 17. PARP performance of SC-WPM is original to WPM and OFDM. The BER performance of the WPM is better than OFDM.Multi-Level Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (MGFSK)MGFSK is a modulation systems use in the satellite communications. It also exploiting the technique of narrow band FM which has constant envelop throughout the signal. MGFSK is suitable for satellite communications where the transponders are in saturations and it is also useful for the transmitter where output amplifier is also saturated 18. As compared to the 8PSK bandwidth efficiency (3 bit/s/Hz), MGFSK providing bandwidth efficiency is 6 bit/s/Hz 18. BW efficiency of MGFSK is very similar to the 64 QAM but 64 QAM is not viable to use in satellite communication because it requires highly linear and well-equalised satellite channels 18. The key applications of MGFSK are in those satellites which trucking of ISP backbone traffic, satellite news gathering and military satellite applications.Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)Pulse code modulation system is another technique which is occupied in the satellite communications. Here in PCM the main aim is to coding the analogue signal for digital representation and then transmitter by using digital techniques. In PCM, analogue signals are sampled in a periodic manner of time in a rate of Nyquest take in rate (twice the highest of baseband frequency) and then quantized in agreed manner. To keep the defect in certain level, quantization step should keep as low as possible. 5 Different types of pulse code modulation are seen like DPCM and ADPCM.Other Modulation Systems use in Satellite CommunicationsDelta modulation (AM), Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) etc. Spread Spectrum modulation systems are closely related to the PCM 1.Conclusion In this report it has been trying to make an overview of the modulation system used in the satellite communication channels. A different type of modulation systems has been described. The selection of modulation systems is depends on the various factors like type of the channels, constraints imposed by the earth stations (for fixed satellite, direct broadcast services and mobile satellite services), ironware limitations etc 1. One fundamental characteristic of the satellite communications channels is the trade-off between the bandwidth and the power to obtain the received signal with certain level of quality. In case of the bandwidth limited channels, spectrally efficient modulation systems are used where penalty is paying for additional carrier power. In the power limited links, bandwidth efficient modulation is using which related to th e hardware constraints as well.References1. Raicharia, M., 1995 Satellite Communication Systems Design Principles, 2nd Edition, 1999, ISBN0-333-74722-4, Macmillan Press Ltd,Baisingstoke, RG21 6XS.2. Couch, L W., Digital and Analogue Communication Systems, 5th Edition. 1997, Prantice Hall, Upperside river, NJ-07458, ISBN 0-13-522583-3.3 . Fuqin, Xiong., August, 1994 Modem techniques in satellite communications,IEEE Communications Magazine, p. 84-98.4. Fthenakis, E., Manual of the Satellite Communications, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1984.5. Handbook of the Satellite Communications (HSC), 3rd Edition, pp 242-275,http//www.scribd.com/ medico/7047432/Handbook-on-Satellite-Communications, Last Visited 25.03.106. Taggart, D., Kumar, R., Cooper, L. , Wagner, N., Goo, G., Affects of Tone interference on the performance of QPSK and 8-PSK modulation in satellite communications, 2004, Arospace Conference, 2004. Proceedings. 2004. IEEE.7. Juing, Fang., March, 1996 The other digital modulation techniques. ITU-R, Doc. 4HB/14, 25-28 March 1996.8. Kim, J., Liu, J,. Kwatra, S.C., Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Schemes with Modified Signal Constellations for a Wideband Satellite Communications, Military Communication Conference, 1995. MILCOM, 95. Conference Record, IEEE.9. Pasupathy, S. Mimimun Shift Keying A Spactrally efficient Modulation, IEEE Communication Magazine, 1994, Vol 17, fill in4, pp16-22.10. Khalona, R.A., performance of a M-ary fsk modulation in a land mobine satellite communcaitin channel, Universatl personalized Commuinication, 1994, pp 430-434.11. Ludong, W Jezek, B., ofdm modulation tecnnique for military satellite communciations, Military Communications Conference, 2008. MILCOM 2008. IEEE , 2008, pp 1-7.12. Ungerboeck, G., January, 1982 Channel coding with multilevel/phase signals, IEEE Trans. on IT-28.13. Flash-TV Flash-TV Flexible and Advanced Satellite Systems for High Quality Television, with Interconnection with IBCNs, Race-II Project R2064.14. Benedetto, S. P ent, M. Zhang, Z., trellis coded 16-psk and 16-qam modualtion for satellite communicaiotns, Global Telecommunications Conference, 1988, and Exhibition. Communications for the Information Age. Conference Record, GLOBECOM 88., IEEE , 1988, Vol 1, pp 125-130.15.Evans, B.G., Satellite Communication Systems, 3rd Edition, 2008, ISBN 0-85296-899, Lightning witness UK Ltd. Milton Keynes.16. Evans ,B.G., Kernot ,R.J., Satellite-communication system employing single -channel /carrier frequency modulation with syllabic companding, IEE,1975, Vol 122, Issue 7, pp 703-709.17. Sakakibara, H. Okamoto, E. Iwanami, Y., A Wavelet Packet Modulation Method for Satellite Communications, TENCON 2005, IEEE surface area 10, 2005, pp1-5.18. Fitch, M., Boyd, I., Briggs, K., Steitiford, K., Gaussian multi-level FM for high-bandwidth satellite communications, University college of London (UCL),http//keithbriggs.info/documents/MGFSK_paper1_IB2_mrf-feb27.pdf, last visited 27.03.10.

Views on Sex Education in Schools

Views on gender tuition in tamesIntroduction hinge uponual activity command is possibly one of the most palavered- near topics straightadays, especially among concerned citizens and the g everyplacenment. kindle is a natural thing for all of us and it is just right for the researchers as well as the readers to know and learn more almost it. solely the question is, is it right for evoke knowledge to be taught in master(a) schools?This research paper tackles the different issues about conjure up fosterage. It contains the pros and cons of raisingal activity ride fosterage in direct schools. Opinions from different sides such as teachers in primary and secondary schools argon considered. With such divisions, the reader can figure their own comprehension of the topic and then contribute ways to embolden the primary students regarding this matter.In this research paper, the researchers would like to show the readers the importance of teachers erudition on didacti cs brace teaching method in primary schools. The researchers argon convinced that this paper ordain be of great value to students and teachers. abstract FrameworkSex EducationTeachersSecondary primevalPerception logical argument of the ProblemThe study aimed to find out the teachers view on principle fire procreation in primary schools.What is the general profile of the respondents in terms ofAgeCivil StatusGenderSubject teachingWhat argon the teachers views of teaching hinge on command in primary schools?What are the issues/concerns of teachers in the teaching of stir bringing up primary schools?Is there a authoritative difference on how the teachers view the teaching of invoke bringing up when compared by primary and secondary schools?HypothesisThere is no significant difference between the perspectives of the teachers from primary and secondary schools.Assumptions of the StudyThe researchers assume that the questionnaires distributed to the respondents are answered honestly and truthfully, and that all data that will be gathered is bona fide to the study. The researchers in addition assume that the personal values may affect the respondents reaction to the questions given and personal experiences may warp the response to the question.Research venueThe study will be conducted in Southville International School and Colleges find at 1281 Tropical Ave. cor. Luxembourg St., BF International, Las Pias City, Philippines. The school will be the focus of the study because it is more convenient to the researchers, it has a spacious population and it is suited for the study.Significance of the studyParents They will be manoeuver on making the decision of letting their children study enkindle genteelness in the school where their children are studying.Students They will live an topic about what they can get from learning call forth rearing. They will be apprised that the very heart of this issue is for their future.Scope and LimitationsT he research focused on the perceptions of the teachers towards teaching fireuality educational activity in primary schools. The respondents are the teachers in primary and secondary level of school year 2010-2011, from Southville International School and Colleges.Definition of TermsCurricula- are the hightail its offered by an educational institution. It is alike a set of courses constituting an area of specialization.Mandatory- can also be compulsory the teaching of come alive education is obligatory.Optional- the teaching of come alive education for raw bulk is non compulsory.Perception- is a result of perceiving, observation, a mental image, or concept.Primary school- includes grades one to six.Secondary school- a school usually including years 7 to 10. in constructality- is an expression of versed receptivity or interest especially when excessive.Sex wise- it is a 12 relegate series which discussed commove education, family sprightliness education, contraceptive met hod, family life education, contraception and parenting.Sex Education- is an education about human put forwardual anatomy, reproduction, and relation and a nonher(prenominal) human enkindleual behaviour. unfledged race- are also referred to as teenagedragers or children ages between to 10 to 12.Review of Related LiteratureSex EducationIt is whatever clocks called sexuality education or sex and relationships education, is the act upon of acquiring reading and forming attitudes and beliefs about sex, sexual identity, relationships and intimacy. Sex education is also about developing young peoples skills so that they make informed choices about their sort, and feel confident and competent about acting on these choices. It is astray accepted that young people have a right to sex education. This is because it is a misbegots by which they are serve welled to protect themselves against abuse, exploitation, unintended pregnancies, sexually inherited diseases and human immun odeficiency virus and AIDS. It is also argued that providing sex education helps to meet young peoples rights to information about matters that affect them, their right to have their needs met and to help them enjoy their sexuality and the relationships that they form.It aims to reduce the risks of potentially negative outcomes from sexual behavior, such as abdicable or unplanned pregnancies and infection with sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. It also aims to contribute to young peoples affirmative experience of their sexuality by enhancing the quality of their relationships and their ability to make informed decisions everyplace their lifetime. Sex education that works, by which we mean that it is effective is sex education that contributes to both these aims thus helping young people to be safe and enjoy their sexuality. (http//www.avert.org/sex-education.htm, 2010)BeliefsYoung people can be exposed to a wide array of attitudes and beliefs in relation to sex and sex uality. These somewhattimes appear contradictory and confusing. For example, some health messages emphasize the risks and dangers associated with sexual activity and some media c everyplaceage farms the idea that organism sexually active makes a person more charismatic and mature. Because sex and sexuality are sensitive subjects, young people and sex educators can have strong views on what attitudes people should hold, and what virtuous poser should govern peoples behavior these too can sometimes seem to be at odds. Young people are very interested in the incorrupt and cultural frameworks that bind sex and sexuality. They a lot welcome opportunities to gibber about issues where people have strong views, like abortion, sex forwards marriage, lesbian and gay issues and contraception and throw control. It is important to remember that talking in a balanced way about differences in panorama does not promote one set of views over another, or mean that one agrees with a damp enicular view. Part of exploring and beneathstanding cultural, religious and moral views is finding out that you can agree to disagree.Effective sex education also shows young people with an opportunity to explore the reasons why people have sex, and to think about how it involves emotions, respect for one self and other people and their feelings, decisions and bodies. Young people should have the chance to explore gender differences and how ethnicity and sexuality can influence peoples feelings and options. They should be able to decide for themselves what the positive qualities of relationships are. It is important that they understand how bullying, stereotyping, abuse and exploitation can negatively influence relationships. . (As also sayd at the website http//www.avert.org/sex-education.htm, 2010)Sex education worldwideAfricaSex education in Africa has focused on stemming the growing AIDS epidemic. some governments in the region have established AIDS education computer pro grammes in partnership with the World Health Organization and international NGOs. These programs were undercut importantly by the Global Gag Rule, an initiative put in wander by hot seat Reagan, suspend by chairperson Clinton, and re-in call downd by President Bush. The Global Gag Rule required nongovernmental organizations to agree as a condition of their receipt of Federal funds that such organizations would neither work out nor actively promote abortion as a method of family planning in other nations. The Global Gag Rule was again suspended as one of the offset printing official acts by get together States President Barack Obama. The incidences of new HIV transmissions in Uganda decreased dramatically when Clinton supported a comprehensive sex education approach (including information about contraception and abortion). According to Ugandan AIDS activists, the Global Gag Rule undermined alliance efforts to reduce HIV prevalence and HIV transmission.EuropeFinlandIn Filand, sexual education is usually incorpo reckond into various obligatory courses, mainly as part of biology lessons (in slumper grades) and later in a course related to general health issues. The existence and Family Welfare Federation will all 15-year-olds an introductory sexual package that includes an information brochure, a prophylactic and a cartoon love story.England and WalesIn England and Wales, sex education is not compulsory in schools as parents can refuse to let their children draw part in the lessons. The curriculum focuses on the reproductive system, fetal development, and the material and emotional changes of adolescence, while information about contraception and safe sex is discretionary and discussion about relationships is often neglected. Britain has one of the highest teenage maternal quality rates in Europe and sex education is a het up(p) issue in government and media give notice (of)s. In a 2000 study by the University of Brighton, m both 14 to 15 year olds reported disappointment with the satisfy of sex education lessons and felt that lack of confidentiality prevents teenagers from asking teachers about contraception.FranceIn France, sex education has been part of school curricula since 1973. Schools are expected to provide 30 to 40 hours of sex education, and pass out condoms, to students in grades eighter from Decatur and nine. In January 2000, the French government launched an information campaign on contraception with TV and radio spots and the distribution of five million leaflets on contraception to high school students.Ger moreIn Germany, sex education has been part of school curricula since 1970. Since 1992 sex education is by law a governmental duty.It normally peaks all subjects concerning the growing-up process, body changes during puberty, emotions, the biological process of reproduction, sexual activity, partnership, homosexuality, unwanted pregnancies and the complications of abortion, the dangers of sexual violence, child abuse, and sex-transmitted diseases, but sometimes also things like sex positions. Most schools offer courses on the pose usage of contraception.A sex survey by the World Health Organization concerning the habits of European teenagers in 2006 revealed that German teenagers care about contraception. The birth rate among 15- to 19-year-olds was very low sole(prenominal) 11.7 per 1000 population, compared to the UKs 27.8 births per 1,000 population, and-in first place-Bulgarias 39.0 births per 1,000.PolandIn the Western point of view, sex education in Poland has never actually developed. At the time of the Peoples land of Poland, since 1973, it was one of the school subjects however, it was relatively poor and did not achieve any actual success. After 1989, it practically vanished from the school life it is currently an exclusive subject (called wychowanie do ycia w rodzinie/family life education rather than edukacja seksualna/sex education) in several schools their parents must give consent to the headmasters so their children may attend. It has much due to the strong objection against sex education of the Catholic Church the most influential institution in Poland.It has, however, been changed and since September 2009 sex education will become an obligatory subject in the piece of 14 per school year unless parents do not want their children to be taught. Objecting parents will have to write special disagreements.North AmericaUnited StatesAlmost all U.S. students receive some form of sex education at least once between grades 7 and 12 many schools begin addressing some topics as early as grades 5 or 6. However, what students learn varies widely, because curriculum decisions are so decentralized. Many states have laws governance what is taught in sex education classes or earmarking parents to opt out. Some state laws leave curriculum decisions to individual school districts.Two main forms of sex education are taught in American schools comprehensiv e and abstinence-only. Comprehensive sex education covers abstinence as a positive choice, but also teaches about contraception and avoidance of STIs when sexually active. A 2002 study conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that 58% of secondary school principals describe their sex education curriculum as comprehensive.Abstinence-only sex education tells teenagers that they should be sexually abstinent until marriage and does not provide information about contraception. In the Kaiser study, 34% of high-school principals utter their schools main message was abstinence-only.The difference between these devil approaches, and their concussion on teen behavior, remains a controversial subject. In the U.S., teenage birth rates had been dropping since 1991, but a 2007 report showed a 3% increase from 2005 to 2006. From 1991 to 2005, the partageage of teens reporting that they had ever had sex or were currently sexually active showed small turns. However, the U.S. still has t he highest teen birth rate and one of the highest rates of STIs among teens in the industrialized world. humankind opinion polls conducted over the years have found that the vast majority of Americans favor broader sex education programs over those that teach only abstinence, although abstinence educators recently make poll data with the opposite conclusion.On the other hand, proponents of abstinence-only sex education object to curricula that fail to teach their archetype of moral behavior they maintain that a morality establish on sex only within the bounds of marriage is healthy and positive and that value-free knowledge of the body may lead to immoral, unhealthy, and harmful practices. Within the conk out decade, the federal government has encouraged abstinence-only education by steering over a billion dollars to such programs. Some 25 states now decline the funding so that they can continue to teach comprehensive sex education. Funding for one of the federal governments tw o main abstinency-only funding programs, surname V, was extended only until December 31, 2007 recounting is debating whether to continue it past that date.The impact of the rise in abstinence-only education remains a question. To date, no published studies of abstinence-only programs have found consistent and significant program effects on delaying the onset of intercourse. In 2007, a study redacted by the U.S. Congress found that middle school students who took part in abstinence-only sex education programs were just as likely to have sex (and use contraception) in their teenage years as those who did not. Abstinence-only advocates claimed that the study was flawed because it was too undertake and began when abstinence-only curricula were in their infancy, and that other studies have demonstrated positive effects.According to a 2007 report, Teen pregnancies in the United States showed 3% increase in the teen birth rate from 2005 to 2006, to nearly 42 births per 1,000.VirginiaVi rginia uses the sex education program called, The field raise up to prevent teen and unplanned motherhood. The National Campaign was created in 1996. The program focuses on preventing teen and unplanned pregnancies of young adults. The National campaign set a goal to reduce teen pregnancy rate by 1/3 in 10 years. The Virginia segment of Health ranked Virginia 19th in teen pregnancy birth rates in 1996. Virginia was also rated 35.2 teen births per 1000 girls aged 15-19 in 2006. The Healthy people 2010 goal is a teen pregnancy rate at or below 43 pregnancies per 1000 females age 15-17.AsiaThe state of sex education programs in Asia is at various stages of development. Indonesia, Mongolia, South Korea have a systematic policy framework for teaching about sex within schools. Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand have assessed adolescent reproductive health needs with a view to developing adolescent-specific training, messages and materials. India has programs aimed at children aged nine to sixteen years. In India, there is a huge debate on the curriculum of sex education and whether it should be increased. Attempts by state governments to introduce sex education as a compulsory part of the curriculum have often been met with harsh criticism by political parties, who claim that sex education is against Indian culture and would mislead children. (Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan have no coordinated sex education programs.)In Japan, sex education is mandatory from age 10 or 11, mainly covering biological topics such as stream and ejaculation.In China and Sri Lanka, sex education traditionally consists of reading the reproduction section of biology textbooks. In Sri Lanka they teach the children when they are 17-18 years. However, in 2000 a new five-year project was introduced by the China Family Planning Association to promote reproductive health education among Chinese teenagers and unmarried youth in twelve urban districts and three counties. This incl uded discussion about sex within human relationships as well as pregnancy and HIV prevention.The International Planned Parenthood Federation and the BBC World Service ran a 12-part series known as Sexwise, which discussed sex education, family life education, contraception and parenting. It was first launched in South Asia and then extended worldwide.Acrimonious Debate over Sex Education in the PhilippinesThe educational module Adolescent Sexual Health, though not yet released to all high schools in the Philippines, has already drawn heavy criticism from the Roman Catholic Church, pro-life activists, and some parents.The way it is being taught lacks the reverence, the refinement that the subject matter demands, say Jo Imbong, juristic officer of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines. Deciding when to teach children about sex should be left to their parents, he said.But Professor Corazon Raymundo, director of the University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI ), said sex education in schools is necessary because it is not in the nations culture for parents to discuss sex with their children.The education department, which presented the module as a response to the nations booming population growth, emphasized it is not a sex manual but rather a teaching look at dealing with family planning, reproductive health, and the dangers of early and pre-marital sex. According to a UPPI survey, 23 share of Filipinos ages 15-24 engaged in pre-marital sex in 2002, up from 18 percent in 1994. The prevalence of high-risk sexual behaviors among adolescents rose from 20 percent in 1994 to 27 percent in 2002. Further, this age group now accounts for 17 percent of all induced abortions in the nation.Its high time that the ignorance of adolescents be addressed in a way that will allow them to make an informed choice, said Solita Monsod, former economic planning secretary.Now, however, education officials have responded to the criticism by withdrawing the m odule for further communications among stakeholders. in front it is returned to schools, some sections will be revised, said Lolita Andrada, the modules editor and the director of the breast of Secondary Education. In particular, the section on safe sex, which some viewed as a promotion of promiscuity, will be rewritten, Andrada said. (http//www.thebody.com/content/news/art23803.html, 2010)Dep.Ed. sued over sex education planMANILA, Philippines (UPDATE) The former legal officer of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines on Monday sued the Department of Education for incorporating sex education in the curriculum of elementary and high school students.In an interview, lawyer Jo Aurea Imbong said she filed the case in behalf of 30 concerned parents who opposed the sex education plan. She described the sex education program as a form of contraceptive imperialism that assaults moral sensibilities and values of young people and actually encourages sexual promiscuity.We have examined the modules being used by DepEd and found that it promotes family planning, reproductive health and demographic development in subjects such as Mathematics, Science and English. It is specifically intentional to transform the attitudes, behavior and social norms of young people based on a foreign model, she told abs-cbnNEWS.com.Imbong said the class suit aims to confirmation DepEd from implementing Memorandum No. 26, which integrates sex education in the curriculum for head-to-head and public schools. She said the program changes the attitudes and values of children especially in Christian families.Imbong said sex education was already being implemented in the basic education curriculum 12 years ago, and the new DepEd memoranda only updates the modules.She said adopting the sex education plan will fast-track moral decay among young people who are exposed to sex at an early age. While curiosity is normal for young people, it is still the primary responsibility of the pare nts and families to inform their children about sex, she said.She also noted that the sex education program is receiving funding from the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA).In response, Education Secretary Mona Valisno said the sex education program is still being pilot-tested and that the discussions will focus on the science of reproduction, physical care and hygiene, correct values and the norms of interpersonal relations to avoid premarital sex and teenage pregnancy.She said the Deped consulted different sectors about the program including the CBCP and the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas. She said parents who were consulted about the program were very happy with it especially since it provides relevant information to children.She also questioned why a court case was filed especially since the program does not contradict the mandate of DepEd to protect childrens rights to quality education.Our curriculum doesnt talk about condoms and such. Its only exp osure to the children to the right information in order for them to make the right decisionKung hindi natin kailangan, then the new secretary of education can change it, she told ANC.She said the sex education plan seeks to fight the high percentage of unwarranted pregnancies in the country, which is one of the 10 highest in the world, and prevent dropouts as a result of teenage pregnancies.She said the topics combine into the modules will be scientific and informative and are not designed to titillate prurient interest.In Science, sex education topics will cover the reproductive system, parts of the body, reproductive cycle, and puberty.Under Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP), proper behavior among and between peers of different genders will be discussed.In Health classes under MAPEH (Music, Arts, PE and Health), personal hygiene and reproductive health will be part of the lessons.In Heograpiya, Kasaysayan, at Sibika (HEKASI) classes, discussion will include the positi on of organized religion on premarital sex and the norms when people of opposite sex interact. In Math classes, data on issues like premarital sex, teenage pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections will be used in studying numeral analysis and statistics. (Dizon, 2010)

Essay --

Pouya GhasemlouProfessor LavelleWriting about Literature 10222 February 2014Terms twain plays are extreme illustrations of Greek Tragedy in a experience that Protagonist suffers from some severe hardship which is due(p) to his/her own actions (Tragic tarnish (Hamartia)) - that element of his/her character that will lead his/her to the failure, for example, Creons obsession with power leads to him losing solely of his loved ones . Antigone is the protagonist exactly cursed with a tragic fate. She has a good deal been known as literatures first Feminist since she defies to the intellection that men dictate and enforce the law because they are stronger so she is one of the original heroines in the history of literature. Antigone is not just a Feminist play but also a radical one too ground on the fact that she rises against the tyranny. Both of the plays are One Act Play due to the fact that they took place in a single location and disclose as one uninterrupted act. Both of t he plays are structured based on the traditional shape of the prologue which consists of the introduction of the characters and the plot choral entre (Parados) and finally interchanging choral song and conniption (Stasimon). The place for let out to spring (Greek Orchestra) is the level round zone which is close to the front of the stage. In some(prenominal) of the plays God Machine or deus ex machine is the hoist that brings the actors to the scene. Since some(prenominal) of the plays have the equivalent time and place so they have the same Setting. They also use similar Conventions, for instance, using of Greek Chorus, which is a group of people who dance and sing without direct contribution in the play. Chorus normally adverse with the characters in the play, and in between each scene of dialogue they talk about t... ... Oedipus request of banishment. In the Antigone on the different hand Falling action happens when Creon agrees to free her from the prison. But it was t oo new-made and she already killed herself. Antigones husband tries to murder Creon but when he fails he committed suicide. Eurydice, also killed herself. Foreshadowing is another literary device that has been used. Oedipuss explicitly defines swollen foot, this foretells his sighting of his own self in twain plays, Teiresias announces the fate of both Oedipus and Creon and is ignored by both men this predicts the idea that leads Oedipus to ruin his eyesight.Symbols, Oedipus Swollen Foot Oedipus gets his name from the fact that he was throw away on the mountainside while both of his feet were nailed this wound left him with a scar that represents that destiny has marked him and set him apart( Spark Note).

Hamlets Faith Costs Him His Life :: essays research papers

A great chain of events in "crossroads", Shakespeares great revenge tragedy, leads to Hamlets own demise. His necessity for subterfuge allows him to inadvertently neglect is main objective, revenge. So much so that the ghost of his bloodless father appears to stipulate Hamlets reserved behavior towards his fathers revenge. "Do not forget. This bereavement is to whet thy al nigh blunted purpose," (83-84) says the ghost in a motivational manner which almost suggests a lack of corporate trust on Hamlets behalf. Nevertheless, Hamlet is overflowing with faith. Faith in god, faith in himself, even faith in his dead fathers ghost a faith that will comprise him his life. The untimely "Death" of world-beater Hamlet, Hamlets father, has sparked a disturbance in the method of Denmark. Hamlets mother has waited "Not so much, not two" (12) months after the Kings goal to remarry and her new husband, who coincidentally is King Hamlets brother, has swiftly em braced the throne. As the eyepatch unfolds, King Hamlets ghost appears to young Hamlet. He explains the current dilemma and elicits a vengeful feeling from Hamlet, providing young Hamlet with purpose, to "Revenge his foul and most unnatural execution". (25) At first, Hamlet is weary of this appearance, but he compromises his thoughts and put his faith in the ghost. In addition, the ghost even evokes a vow of allegiance from Hamlet. However, at this juncture in time, Hamlet finds himself in a state of disbelief. "And shall I couple hell?" (26) speaks Hamlet one time the ghost has departed, suggesting that Hamlet is very doubtful. However, his doubts are subsequently invalidated at the performance of The Murder of Gonzago where he requests a group of players to enact a similar murder to that of King Hamlets. "Ill have these players play something like the murder of my father before mine uncle.... The plays the thing wherein Ill catch the conscience of the King&q uot. (55) Towards the end of the play, Claudius hastily removes himself from the crowd, verifying Hamlets suspicions. Now, Hamlet not only possesses both reason to believe the ghost, but entrusts his faith in the ghost as well. However, Hamlets faith does not lie solely in the ghost. He has other kind of faith faith in himself. Hamlets belief that he jackpot see through his revenge blatantly exemplifies his faith in himself. In several instances, Hamlet requires himself to act mad "To put an Antic appetency on" (30) if you will.

Concepts of the Body, Medicine and Madness in Mary Shelley’s Frankenste

I intend to examine to what effect concepts of the body, medicine and lunacy are presented in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein (1818). I shall perform snug analysis to parts of the text referring to explorations in new technologies, advances in medical checkup science, and there psychological impacts. I shall discuss affectionate implications of the ingathering of globes technological evolution during the eighteenth and 19th century. Mary Shelleys Gothic science-fiction novel Frankenstein (1818) was written and published between two major historical events. It followed The French mutation (1789-1799) a period of radical social and political upheaval, and was written during The industrial Revolution between the eighteenth and nineteenth century, a time of great socioeconomic and cultural effects. The French Revolution acted as the single most crucial influence on British intellectual, philosophical, and political life in the nineteenth century. (David Cody, French Revolution 20 10). The Industrial Revolution marked the transition from a world of artisan do to a factory system. (Shirley Burchill et al. The Industrial Revolution 2010). The advancements in machine ground manufacturing brought social implications of anxiety. Frankenstein can be viewed as a reflection of the fervour and change seen within society during the eighteenth and nineteenth century, through the explorations and growth in mans technological evolution. Frankenstein is an epistolary novel, comprised of letters, journals and diary entries, allowing the reader a sense of verisimilitude a sense that it might have real occurred, enabling the author to change points of view when required to further the plot. The point follows a young grief stricken ... ....com. Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2011. Available from www.dictionary.reference.com/ surfboard/Prometheus, accessed 12th January 2011. Russell A. Potter, A Chronology of Frankenstein. Available from www.ric.edu/faculty/rpo tter/Frank-chron.html, accessed 12th January 2011.Robert W. Anderson, Body split That Matter Frankenstein, or The Modern Cyborg, 1999. Available from www.womenwriters.net/editorials/anderson1.htm, accessed 12th January 2011.Shirley Burchill, Nigel Hughes, Peter bell & Keith Woodall, The Open Door Website, The Industrial Revolution, 2010. Available from www.saburchill.com/history/.../001.html, accessed 12th January 2011.U.S. guinea pig Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Frankenstein Penetrating the Secrets of Nature, 2010. Available from www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/frankenstein.html, accessed 12th January 2011.

Maddox :: essays research papers

I didnt think it was possible to be more unimpressed with Star Wars. Today, I stand corrected. If you were unfortunate abounding to instruct your stupid co-workers yammering on about Lucas latest shit burger, you might discombobulate heard them labeling something wish well "I didnt ilk the first-class honours degree two, still this one was good" When I ask why, these masses shake up perplexity responding because its hard to talk with George Lucas flaccid penis in their incorporated mouths. by chance the question I should be asking is "why didnt you give c atomic number 18 the otherwise two word-paintings if you liked this one?" Nothing has changed. You put on the equivalent vacant-looking actors trial around, aimlessly bumping into things, an army of stupid, sensitive robots, and dialogue clumsy plenty to physiognomy putting a handicap sticker on George Lucas car.To Lucas credit, he was tacitly shamed into not giving Jar Jar any(prenominal) lecture lines in this moving picture. With Jar Jars character no longer discourse to gall you, Lucas filled the void by giving every robot in the movie stupid toy noises. So instead of doing something modify like having the robots chase after screaming children, they bitch and moan and say things like "ow" when they get their prosthetic limbs cut off. Even worse are the idiots who jerk off down these sub-childish morsels of comedic relief, playing into Lucas shallow theatrics so easily that you could distribute these people hookers in a vagina storm.Before I go on, I have to address something that all you stupid Star Wars nerds are in all probability sentiment right about now "But Maddox, its a movie do for kids, what do you expect?" Even Lucas stated in an discourse with the BBC that"The movies are for children but the fans dont want to admit that." Oh really? It just so happens that this "childrens movie" has a medical prognosis where a guy gets his hands shredded off, a graphic decapitation, the wanton slaughter of children (the highlight of any movie), and the coolest scene in any space action movie starring Ewan McGregor Anakin get his legs chopped off as his stumps catch fire while his example melts.Maddox essays research papers I didnt think it was possible to be more unimpressed with Star Wars. Today, I stand corrected. If you were unfortunate enough to hear your stupid co-workers yammering on about Lucas latest shit burger, you might have heard them saying something like "I didnt like the first two, but this one was good" When I ask why, these people have trouble responding because its hard to talk with George Lucas flaccid penis in their collective mouths. Perhaps the question I should be asking is "why didnt you like the other two movies if you liked this one?" Nothing has changed. You have the same vacant-looking actors running around, aimlessly bumping into things, an army of stupi d, sensitive robots, and dialogue clumsy enough to warrant putting a handicap sticker on George Lucas car.To Lucas credit, he was tacitly shamed into not giving Jar Jar any talking lines in this movie. With Jar Jars character no longer speaking to annoy you, Lucas filled the void by giving every robot in the movie stupid toy noises. So instead of doing something cool like having the robots chase after screaming children, they bitch and moan and say things like "ow" when they get their prosthetic limbs chopped off. Even worse are the idiots who scarf down these sub-childish morsels of comedic relief, playing into Lucas shallow theatrics so easily that you could sell these people hookers in a vagina storm.Before I go on, I have to address something that all you stupid Star Wars nerds are probably thinking right about now "But Maddox, its a movie made for kids, what do you expect?" Even Lucas stated in an interview with the BBC that"The movies are for children but t he fans dont want to admit that." Oh really? It just so happens that this "childrens movie" has a scene where a guy gets his hands chopped off, a graphic decapitation, the wanton slaughter of children (the highlight of any movie), and the coolest scene in any space action movie starring Ewan McGregor Anakin getting his legs chopped off as his stumps catch fire while his face melts.

Essay --

Before the conquest of toad frog consulship was yet to be decided as the senate were being secured by huge bribery from Marcus Bibulous as a part of an anti- caesarean preference although failed to prevent Caesars election. Caesar had than succeeded in organising an irresistible coalition of political bosses which included (Pompey and Crassus) which became the prototypical triumvirate. The alliance was affectively sealed by Pompey marrying Caesars only child Julia. The Gallic state of war (58-51 BC) was the fighting in which Julius Caesar emerged as a great host attractor aft(prenominal) an earlier career as a politician. A conflict that began with an attempt to preserve stability on the borders of Roman province ultramontane anuran soon turned into a war of conquest. Only after putting down three major Gallic revolts. Caesar described salientian as being ramify into three sections Omniun Gallo in tres partes divisa est- Commentarri de Bello Gallico. The north eastside o f the country was populated by the Belgae, the centre of the country was inhabited by the Celts and the area beyond the Garonne River was populated by the Aquitani. As toad was split up Caesar effectively able to divide and conquer. Romes bare-ass province was officially called Transalpine anuran to distinguish it from Cisalpine Gaul in northern Italy. Transalpine Gaul governed separately from Cisalpine Gaul but in 59 BC the governor of Transalpine Gaul died and the province was assigned to Caesar. Cisalpine Gaul also owned by Caesar gave him a military recruiting ground which gave Caesar a springboard for the conquest beyond Romes North West frontier. In 58 BC Romes northwest frontier, ran from the Alps down the left strand of the upper Rhone River to Pyrenees, skirting the south eastern foot of the Cevennes.... ...and gave the name for the month July.Although it was said the invasions were pre-emptive it is believed they were fought primarily to boost Caesars political caree r and pay of his ample debts. His achievements over the defeat of Gaul regardless still amazing as the Romans didnt possess any great capitality in the military equipment over the north European barbarians. The Gallic Calvary was far superior to Rome but Romes military superiority beat in its master of strategy in tactics, discipline and military engineering. In Caesars mind his conquest of Gaul was probably carried out as a means to his ultimate end. He was acquiring the military manpower the dinero and the prestige that he needed to secure a freehand for the pursuit of the task of reorganizing the roman state and the rest of the Greco- Roman world.I came, I saw, I conquered- Julius Caesar.

The Intricacies of Cubanness :: Personal Narrative Writing

The Intricacies of Cubanness Hey bro, en Hialeah me quedo, I verbalize to my friends Eddie Safille, Alex G Gonzalez and Orlie Castelblanco as we finished up our Cuban coffee plot of land playing a game of dominos. Eddie, in an enthusiastic voice, answers, You better imagine Im staying in Hialeah. This place is our home. We all love Hialeah, as city in Miami-Dade County located a few miles from Miami city limits and is preponderantly Cuban. Hialeah is one of the only cities in this country where we dont look uniform a minority. We cling to our Cuban culture like a python clings to its prey while it squeezes the life form its lungs with its muscular body. I savor a vigorous bond with my Cuban heritage, every time I play my bongos, every time the Salsa beat moves my feet across the floor like a hurricane taking a town by storm, or every time I drink some caf while playing dominos in the park or behind La Carreta restaurant. One of my preferred memories is of my frie nds and I playing a game of dominos at Bayfront car park downtown with Latin music in the background, feeling the ocean snap bean brush against our faces, and seeing all the skyscrapers tower over us in a seemingly endless bundle of beauty and majesty. The city, with its sun-splashed avenues has treated the Cuban people with love and respect and has contributed to my pride in where Im from. I like to think of my cultural heritage as a chocolate chip cookie. The dough of the cookie is an Americanized version of both Cuban and Lebanese cultures making up the majority of the cookie, while the chips be a mix of many cultures that have influenced me in smaller ways, such as my fathers Irish roots. The reason the Cuban and Lebanese cultures because the around predominate is to the highest degreely as a result of how I grew up. all in all my life I have lived with my parents, and my mothers parents. Although both my Cuban and Lebanese influences have greatly impacted my l ife, my Cuban-American culture is without doubt the most influential of all. The first language I spoke was Spanish. Most of my friends are also of Cuban decent, and the city that I grew up in, Miami, is a strong hold of Cuban power in the United States.

Homosocial Desire in the Films of Kevin Smith :: Essays Papers

Homosocial Desire in the Films of Kevin metalworker In take society, any man who loves another man is labeled a homosexual. If a man is not a homosexual, then he is not allowed to bring out any form of affection for another priapic. If a man does go beyond the boundaries of showing affection for another man, that man runs the risk of cosmos labeled a homosexual. However, there are those who see the error of this and take to change this societal viewpoint. Two examples of individuals who have strikingly similar views on this issue believe that there can be a dimension mingled with homosexuality and heterosexual male bonding. In relation to this balance, the confines homosocial describes bonds amongst persons of the same sex. Even though these deuce individuals come from altogether distinguishable ends of the spectrum, they both agree that homosocial desire allows desire between two men to exist in a form that incorporates love between men without sexual attract ion. Writer Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and film director Kevin Smith both display through different types of media that homosocial activity can break from male bonding to exist in the same range as homosexuality. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick writes astir(predicate) the term homosocial desire in her book between Men. The word homosocial is used in science to describe social relationships between persons of the same sex. While it shares the same prefix homo with the word homosexual, homosocial has different connotations in present American society. Kevin Smith uses film to express his ideas about homosexuality and homosocial actions. Smiths first film, Clerks, was shot in slow and white and lacked talented actors and good cinematography. However, Smiths smartly create verbally script and flare for humorous storytelling soon turned this low budget, nonparasitic film into a cult classic. The movie revolves around the lives of two outmatch friends, Dante (played by Brian OHalloran) and Randal (depicted by Jeff Anderson). Dante works in a whatsis store while Randal works across the street as a video rental store clerk. Their friendship is filled with stereotypical male bonding practices such as playing hockey together and discipline issues of Playboy behind the store counter. However, while the two exhibit legion(predicate) jocular actions, their relationship is a good example of the notion of homosocial desire.

Chromatography of Dyes :: Chromatography Experiments Dye Essays

Chromatography of DyesAn extremely common technique by using 2 chemicals and filter publisher can wear out you sufficient information. A well-done Chromatography of discolors willing provide you with enough info to determine if a liquid mixture is heterogeneous or same . In a learning activity you can separate and maybe identify food dyes in some boozings mixes and food colors. The effect of clo certain polarity or the ability to separate and elute compounds will alike be demonstrated. In this experiment you will need to use the comparison Xcm/Acm=RF value. The length of A, is the length of the longest line of the food dye or food coloring. The Length of X is the length of all the another(prenominal) vari opens. In the experiment the lengths will be mea reliabled in Centimeters. experimental ProcedureYou will need to obtain a piece of received filter paper approximately 10*15 cm. Use a pencil to draw a line parallel to one of the long-run edges, about 1 cm from the ed ge. Make 10 dashes on the pencil line, be sealed to have them evenly distributed. At this point you will spot each of the 5 standards on separate dashes. Be sure to write down which liquid is at which dash. Then choose two food colors and two drink mixes, and spot them on the be four dashes. Curl the filter paper into a cylinder, make sure colors out, and staple the edges together. Do not allow the edges of the filter paper to overlap. Add approximately 10 ml of a 73 isopropanolwater mixture to your 600 mL beaker, then carefully come to the fore the chromatogram into the beaker the colored spots must be higher than the upshot. Be sure to cover the beaker, remove, lay out to dry then measure when the solvent is 1 to 2 cm from the top. Repeat all the above steps but use 0.1% NaCl in the place of the 73 isopropanol. By comparing the colors of the spots in the standards and the unknowns, and the distances the spots moved, you should be able to tell what compounds are present in the food colors and drink mixes. Some of the food colors and drink mixes may contain merely one dye, and some may contain more than one.

Ogden Financial Data :: essays research papers

OGDEN corporation AND SUBSIDIARIESSELECTED FINANCIAL DATADECEMBER 31 1988 1987(*) 1986(*)(In thousands of dollars,except per-share amounts) remuneration gross revenue and improvementrevenues $1,087,785 $ 902,565 $ 819,629INCOME (LOSS) FROMchronic trading doings 57,780 47,802 35,109discontinue physical processs 80,920 pull in income (loss) 57,780 47,802 116,029 dinero (LOSS) PER commons helpingContinuing trading trading operations 1.44 1.19 .89Discontinued operations 2.09 fare 1.44 1.19 2.98 moolah (LOSS) PER plebeian grant-ASSUMING FULLDILUTIONContinuing operations 1.41 1.17 .88Discontinued operations 2.00 thorough 1.41 1.17 2.88 entirety assets 2,201,745 1,759,496 1,642,634LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONSOperations other thanresource-recovery 251,855 183,740 110,315Resource-recovery operation 1,163,565 795,195 772,754SHAREHOLDERS legality 425,754 406,576 392,639SHAREHOLDERS truth PER vernacular SHARE 10.70 10.32 10.09CASH DIVIDENDS DECLARED PER joint SHARE 1.10 1.00 .90(TABLE CONTI NUED)DECEMBER 31 1985(*) 1984(*)(In thousands of dollars,except per-share amounts)Net sales and table service revenues $ 743,963 $688,669INCOME (LOSS) FROMContinuing operations 14,375 24,591Discontinued operations (35,675) 15,150Net income (loss) (21,300) 39,741EARNINGS (LOSS) PER COMMON SHAREContinuing operations .36 .63Discontinued operations (.94) .40Total (.58) 1.03EARNINGS (LOSS) PER COMMONSHARE-ASSUMING FULL DILUTIONContinuing operations .36 .62Discontinued operations (.94) .38Total (.58) 1.00Total assets 1,465,023 837,445LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONSOperations other thanresource-recovery 228,103 261,567Resource-recovery operation 597,945SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY 308,833 361,098SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY PER COMMON SHARE 7.19 9.38CASH DIVIDENDS DECLARED PERCOMMON SHARE .90 .90(*) Restated - probe telephone line 1 to Consolidated Financial Statements.*37 HARDCOPY PAGE 37Ogden Corporation and SubsidiariesMANAGEMENTS treatment AND analysis OF CONSOLIDATED OPERATIONSThe ac smart seting financial statements for prior old age beat been restatedto reflect the consolidation of Ogdens leasing and financingsubsidiaries and a captive damages company previously included on theequity method of accounting, as intimately as the previously off-balance sheetfinancing assets, liabilities, and related revenues and cost ofresource-recovery facilities. (See acknowledge 1 to the Consolidated FinancialStatements.)OPERATIONS Sales and service revenues for 1988 change magnitude by$185,200,000, or 20.5%, over 1987. Operating serve revenues were$108,600,000 higher, generally reflecting change magnitude revenues of$62,500,000 and $40,000,000 in the Building Services and AviationServices groups, respectively, primarily associated with raw(a) accounts and change magnitude customer activity. The other areas of Operating Services likewisehad change magnitude revenues, which were partially offset by reduced revenuesin void Services of $20,400,000, due primarily to the loss of certaintheatr e concession accounts in 1987. Environmental Services startedcommercial operations in 1988 and had revenues of $7,500,000 for theyear. Resource-recovery operations had change magnitude revenues of$69,000,000. Service revenues increased $37,000,000 over 1987,reflecting eight facilities in operation in 1988 having a per-daycapacity of 7,762 tons, compared with five facilities in operation in1987 having a per-day capacity of 3,200 tons. Construction revenueswere $32,000,000 higher, reflecting three projects under construction in1988, nevertheless one of which reaching more than 25% completion in 1988,compared with both plants under construction and one completed in 1987.Income from operations for 1988 increased $6,000,000 over 1987.Ogden Financial Data essays research papers OGDEN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESSELECTED FINANCIAL DATADECEMBER 31 1988 1987(*) 1986(*)(In thousands of dollars,except per-share amounts)Net sales and servicerevenues $1,087,785 $ 902,565 $ 819,629INCOME (L OSS) FROMContinuing operations 57,780 47,802 35,109Discontinued operations 80,920Net income (loss) 57,780 47,802 116,029EARNINGS (LOSS) PER COMMONSHAREContinuing operations 1.44 1.19 .89Discontinued operations 2.09Total 1.44 1.19 2.98EARNINGS (LOSS) PER COMMONSHARE-ASSUMING FULLDILUTIONContinuing operations 1.41 1.17 .88Discontinued operations 2.00Total 1.41 1.17 2.88Total assets 2,201,745 1,759,496 1,642,634LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONSOperations other thanresource-recovery 251,855 183,740 110,315Resource-recovery operation 1,163,565 795,195 772,754SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY 425,754 406,576 392,639SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY PERCOMMON SHARE 10.70 10.32 10.09CASH DIVIDENDS DECLARED PERCOMMON SHARE 1.10 1.00 .90(TABLE CONTINUED)DECEMBER 31 1985(*) 1984(*)(In thousands of dollars,except per-share amounts)Net sales and service revenues $ 743,963 $688,669INCOME (LOSS) FROMContinuing operations 14,375 24,591Discontinued operations (35,675) 15,150Net income (loss) (21,300) 39,741EARNINGS (LOSS) PER COMMON SHARE Continuing operations .36 .63Discontinued operations (.94) .40Total (.58) 1.03EARNINGS (LOSS) PER COMMONSHARE-ASSUMING FULL DILUTIONContinuing operations .36 .62Discontinued operations (.94) .38Total (.58) 1.00Total assets 1,465,023 837,445LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONSOperations other thanresource-recovery 228,103 261,567Resource-recovery operation 597,945SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY 308,833 361,098SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY PER COMMON SHARE 7.19 9.38CASH DIVIDENDS DECLARED PERCOMMON SHARE .90 .90(*) Restated - See Note 1 to Consolidated Financial Statements.*37 HARDCOPY PAGE 37Ogden Corporation and SubsidiariesMANAGEMENTS DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF CONSOLIDATED OPERATIONSThe accompanying financial statements for prior years have been restatedto reflect the consolidation of Ogdens leasing and financingsubsidiaries and a captive insurance company previously included on theequity method of accounting, as well as the previously off-balance sheetfinancing assets, liabilities, and related revenues and costs ofr esource-recovery facilities. (See Note 1 to the Consolidated FinancialStatements.)OPERATIONS Sales and service revenues for 1988 increased by$185,200,000, or 20.5%, over 1987. Operating Services revenues were$108,600,000 higher, primarily reflecting increased revenues of$62,500,000 and $40,000,000 in the Building Services and AviationServices groups, respectively, chiefly associated with new accounts andincreased customer activity. The other areas of Operating Services alsohad increased revenues, which were partially offset by reduced revenuesin Leisure Services of $20,400,000, due primarily to the loss of certaintheatre concession accounts in 1987. Environmental Services startedcommercial operations in 1988 and had revenues of $7,500,000 for theyear. Resource-recovery operations had increased revenues of$69,000,000. Service revenues increased $37,000,000 over 1987,reflecting eight facilities in operation in 1988 having a per-daycapacity of 7,762 tons, compared with five facilities in operation in1987 having a per-day capacity of 3,200 tons. Construction revenueswere $32,000,000 higher, reflecting three projects under construction in1988, only one of which reaching more than 25% completion in 1988,compared with two plants under construction and one completed in 1987.Income from operations for 1988 increased $6,000,000 over 1987.

Antonio Vivaldis Biography :: essays research papers

Antonio Vivaldi was born(p) in Venice on March 4th, 1678. Though ordained a priest in 1703, according to his own account, within a year of being ordained Vivaldi no longer wished to celebrate mass because of physical complaints (" absorption of the chest") which pointed to angina pectoris, asthmatic bronchitis, or a nervous disorder. It is in like manner possible that Vivaldi was simulating illness - there is a story that he sometimes left the altar in order to quickly jot vote down a medicineal idea in the sacristy.... In any issuing he had become a priest against his own will, perhaps because in his day training for the priesthood was often the only possible way for a poor family to obtain free schooling. Though he wrote many very well and memorable concertos, such as the Four Seasons and the Opus 3 for example, he also wrote many works which sound like five-finger exercises for students. And this is on the nose what they were. Vivaldi was employed for most of his working life by the Ospedale della Piet. Often termed an " orphanage", this Ospedale was in fact a home for the female offspring of noblemen and their legion(predicate) dalliances with their mistresses. The Ospedale was thus well endowed by the "anonymous" fathers its furnishings bordered on the opulent, the young ladies were well looked-after, and the musical standards among the highest in Venice. Many of Vivaldis concerti were indeed exercises which he would play with his many talented pupils. Vivaldis relationship with the Ospedale began right after his ordering in 1703, when he was named as violin teacher there. Until 1709, Vivaldis appointment was re-create every year and again after 1711. Between 1709 and 1711 Vivaldi was not given over to the Ospedale. Perhaps in this period he was already working for the Teatro Sant Angelo, an opera house theater. He also remained active as a composer - in 1711 xii concertos he had written were published in Amsterdam by the music publisher Estienne Roger under the title lEstro armonico (Harmonic Inspiration). In 1713, Vivaldi was given a months cede from the Ospedale della Piet in order to stage his first opera, Ottone in villa, in Vicenza. In the 1713-4 season he was once again attached to the Teatro Sant Angelo, where he produced an opera by the composer Giovanni Alberto Rostori (1692-1753). As far as his theatrical activities were concerned, the end of 1716 was a high point for Vivaldi.